{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:32:41Z","timestamp":1772541161515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Degradation and desertification represent serious threats, as they present severe environmental and socio-economic consequences, demanding immediate action. Although a recognized methodology for assessing degradation and desertification is missing, remote sensing has been recognized as a powerful support for its accessibility and efficacy. The aim of this study is to examine the application of remote sensing for assessing land and soil degradation and desertification. A total of 278 research papers retrieved from Scopus\/Web of Science database and published over the past decade have been analyzed. From the analysis of scientific publications, a rising interest for these topics and a dominance of research from China has been registered. Established satellite data, Landsat, and MODIS, despite limitations in accuracy and resolution, remain popular due to easy access. This restricts research to broader scales and limits practical applications like land management. The prevalent use of vegetation indexes, while convenient, can be misleading due to their indirect connection to soil health. Consequently, vegetation-based models may not fully capture the complexities involved. To improve understanding, the study suggests a shift towards multi-indexes models and a move away from relying solely on readily available data products. Moreover, the application of data fusion methods could provide a more holistic view.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16163059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T06:07:35Z","timestamp":1724134055000},"page":"3059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Rural Land Degradation Assessment through Remote Sensing: Current Technologies, Models, and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1004-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"D\u2019Acunto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Marinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9955-9896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Pezzuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-023-01155-3","article-title":"An Overview of Land Degradation, Desertification and Sustainable Land Management Using GIS and Remote Sensing Applications","volume":"34","author":"AbdelRahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNCCD (1994). Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and\/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, UN."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2022.104829","article-title":"The Use of Remote Sensing for Desertification Studies: A Review","volume":"206","author":"Dash","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geodrs.2015.11.002","article-title":"Assessing Soil Degradation in Northern Eurasia","volume":"7","author":"Krasilnikov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoderma Reg."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Montanarella, L., Badraoui, M., Chude, V., Costa, I.d.S.B., Mamo, T., Yemefack, M., Aulang, M.S., Yagi, K., Hong, S.Y., and Vijarnsorn, P. (2015). Status of the World\u2019s Soil Resources: Main Report, ITPS."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278325","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2023.2278325","article-title":"A Review of Fusion Framework Using Optical Sensors and Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery to Detect and Map Land Degradation and Sustainable Land Management in the Semi-Arid Regions","volume":"38","author":"Sengani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2021.04.013","article-title":"Climate Change, Drought, Land Degradation and Migration: Exploring the Linkages","volume":"50","author":"Hermans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48252-x","article-title":"A Unifying Modelling of Multiple Land Degradation Pathways in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Borrelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128388","article-title":"An assessment of nitrogen loading and biogas production from Italian livestock: A multilevel and spatial analysis","volume":"317","author":"Ferrari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2024, June 18). SDG Indicator Metadata. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/Sdgs\/Metadata\/Files\/Metadata-15-03-01.Pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4048","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70404048","article-title":"What Four Decades of Earth Observation Tell Us about Land Degradation in the Sahel?","volume":"7","author":"Mbow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2017.1378926","article-title":"The Role of Remote Sensing in Land Degradation Assessments: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"50","author":"Dubovyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., and Lv, T. (2020). A Bibliometric Analysis on Land Degradation: Current Status, Development, and Future Directions. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9010028"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, D.P., Herrmann, S.M., Vasconcelos, R.N., Duverger, S.G., Franca Rocha, W.J.S., Cambu\u00ed, E.C.B., Lob\u00e3o, J.S.B., Santos, E.M.R., Ferreira-Ferreira, J., and Oliveira, M. (2023). Bibliometric Analysis of Land Degradation Studies in Drylands Using Remote Sensing Data: A 40-Year Review. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12091721"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"39","article-title":"Short Review of Climate and Land Use Change Impact on Land Degradation in Tashkent Province","volume":"11","author":"Erdanaev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-018-0118-4","article-title":"A Review of Potential Methods for Monitoring Rangeland Degradation in Libya","volume":"8","author":"Hallett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., and Shang, J. (2022). Review of Remote Sensing Applications in Grassland Monitoring. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122903"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Shi, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Review of Desert Mobility Assessment and Desertification Monitoring Based on Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184412"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7561","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3926-x","article-title":"Several Challenges in Monitoring and Assessing Desertification","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"791","article-title":"Using Remote Sensing Technology to Detect, Model and Map Desertification: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Albalawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111428","article-title":"Challenges for Remote Sensing of the Sustainable Development Goal SDG 15.3.1 Productivity Indicator","volume":"234","author":"Prince","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2023.03.002","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Soil Degradation: Progress and Perspective","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-019-09524-0","article-title":"Imaging Spectroscopy for Soil Mapping and Monitoring","volume":"40","author":"Chabrillat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Appraisal on the Progress of Remote Sensing Applications in Soil Erosion Mapping and Monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Sepuru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3","article-title":"Forest Degradation: A Global Challenge Needing Local Response","volume":"62","author":"Simula","year":"2011","journal-title":"Unasylva"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Penman, J. (2003). Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-Induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) for the IPCC."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abaad7","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Forest Degradation: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4214","article-title":"Baseline and Status of Desertification in Central Asia","volume":"33","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Z., Li, S., and Fang, H. (2020). Explicitly Identifying the Desertification Change in CMREC Area Based on Multisource Remote Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193170"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2020.104203","article-title":"Land Desertification and Its Influencing Factors in Kazakhstan","volume":"180","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-11191-z","article-title":"Multi-Temporal Landsat Imagery and MSAVI Index for Monitoring Rangeland Degradation in Arid Ecosystem, Case Study of Biskra (Southeast Algeria)","volume":"195","author":"Belhadj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164004","article-title":"Variations and Driving Mechanisms of Desertification in the Southeast Section of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Zone","volume":"887","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2020.102931","article-title":"Predicting Land Degradation Using Sentinel-2 and Environmental Variables in the Lepellane Catchment of the Greater Sekhukhune District, South Africa","volume":"124","author":"Nzuza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111316","article-title":"Soil Degradation Index Developed by Multitemporal Remote Sensing Images, Climate Variables, Terrain and Soil Atributes","volume":"277","author":"Nascimento","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152512","article-title":"The Dominant Influencing Factors of Desertification Changes in the Source Region of Yellow River: Climate Change or Human Activity?","volume":"813","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, B., Malav, L.C., Jim\u00e9nez-Ballesta, R., Kumawat, C., Patra, A., Patel, A., Jangir, A., Nogiya, M., Meena, R.L., and Moharana, P.C. (2022). Modeling and Assessment of Land Degradation Vulnerability in Arid Ecosystem of Rajasthan Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geospatial Techniques. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12010106"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s40710-023-00644-9","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation and Its Drivers across the Rainfed Areas in Jordan during the Past Two Decades Using Physical and Biophysical Satellite Metrics","volume":"10","author":"Oroud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Process."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, X., Yang, J., Liu, J., Du, X., Zhang, W., Liu, J., Li, G., and Guo, J. (2023). Analysis of Spatial-Temporal Changes and Driving Forces of Desertification in the Mu Us Sandy Land from 1991 to 2021. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151310399"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s41748-022-00327-9","article-title":"Evaluation of Desertification in the Middle Moulouya Basin (North-East Morocco) Using Sentinel-2 Images and Spectral Index Techniques","volume":"7","author":"Lamaamri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-019-8111-9","article-title":"Study of the Desertification Index Based on the Albedo-MSAVI Feature Space for Semi-Arid Steppe Region","volume":"78","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, H., Wang, R., Li, H., Diao, B., Zheng, H., Guo, L., Liu, L., and Liu, J. (2023). The Changes of Desertification and Its Driving Factors in the Gonghe Basin of North China over the Past 10 Years. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12050998"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Wang, S., Zhao, M., and Zhou, L. (2022). Monitoring of Land Desertification Changes in Urat Front Banner from 2010 to 2020 Based on Remote Sensing Data. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14111777"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106213","article-title":"Analysis of Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Factors of Desertification in the Africa Sahel","volume":"213","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2022.101750","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Evolution of Desertification Based on Integrated Remote Sensing Indices in Duolun County, Inner Mongolia","volume":"70","author":"Zongfan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamqadem, A., Saber, H., and Pradhan, B. (2018). Quantitative Assessment of Desertification in an Arid Oasis Using Remote Sensing Data and Spectral Index Techniques. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121862"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H., Wang, J., Cheng, K., Li, G., Ochir, A., Davaasuren, D., and Chonokhuu, S. (2018). Desertification Information Extraction Based on Feature Space Combinations on the Mongolian Plateau. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101614"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-021-1832-1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Changes of Land Desertification Sensitivity in Northwest China from 2000 to 2017","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122241","article-title":"Ecological Restoration Is the Dominant Driver of the Recent Reversal of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert (China)","volume":"268","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"70","article-title":"Desertification Risk Analysis and Assessment in Northern Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Joseph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, Y., Li, M., Zhu, A., Ye, X., Mao, R., Wan, J., and Dong, J. (2016). Land Degradation Monitoring in the Ordos Plateau of China Using an Expert Knowledge and BP-ANN-Based Approach. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8111174"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4560","article-title":"Is Land Degradation Worsening in Northern China? Quantitative Evidence and Enlightenment from Satellites","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J., Zhang, Y., and Biswas, A. (2021). Land Degradation and Development Processes and Their Response to Climate Change and Human Activity in China from 1982 to 2015. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173516"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ewunetu, A., Simane, B., Teferi, E., and Zaitchik, B.F. (2021). Mapping and Quantifying Comprehensive Land Degradation Status Using Spatial Multicriteria Evaluation Technique in the Headwaters Area of Upper Blue Nile River. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13042244"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2020.102307","article-title":"Integration of Social, Economic and Environmental Factors in GIS for Land Degradation Vulnerability Assessment in the Pir Panjal Himalaya, Kashmir, India","volume":"125","author":"Romshoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2023.102920","article-title":"Dynamic Evaluation of Cropland Degradation Risk by Combining Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing and Geographical Data in the Black Soil Region of Jilin Province, China","volume":"154","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-020-5986-6","article-title":"A Remote Sensing Monitoring Method for Alpine Grasslands Desertification in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"17","author":"Kuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, Z., An, R., and Li, J. (2019). Comprehensive Research on Remote Sensing Monitoring of Grassland Degradation: A Case Study in the Three-River Source Region, China. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11071845"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Niu, J., Buyantuev, A., Zhang, Q., Dong, J., Kang, S., and Zhang, J. (2016). Understanding Grassland Degradation and Restoration from the Perspective of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of the Xilin River Basin in Inner Mongolia, China. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8070594"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2020.10.005","article-title":"Factor Influencing Land Degradation Sensitivity and Desertification in a Drought Prone Watershed in Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Wijitkosum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3024","article-title":"Detection of Areas Susceptible to Land Degradation in Cyprus Using Remote Sensed Data and Environmental Quality Indices","volume":"29","author":"Kolios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2285","article-title":"Monitoring Sensitivity to Land Degradation and Desertification with the Environmentally Sensitive Area Index: The Case of Lesvos Island","volume":"27","author":"Symeonakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Kosmas, C., Kirkby, M.J., and Geeson, N. (1999). The Medalus Project: Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use: Manual on Key Indicators of Desertification and Mapping Environmentally Sensitive Areas to Desertification, Directorate-General Science, Research and Development."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-012-0723-2","article-title":"Spatial Assessment of Desertification in North Sinai Using Modified MEDLAUS Model","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12184","article-title":"Indicators for the Estimation of Vulnerability to Land Degradation Derived from Soil Compaction and Vegetation Cover","volume":"65","author":"Imbrenda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, B., and Chen, X. (2023). Sensitivity Assessment of Land Desertification in China Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102674"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, C.L., Raviolo, E., Teich, I., Gonzalez, H., Harari, N., Caza, P., Diaz-Gonz\u00e1lez, A.M., Henao-Henao, J.P., and Calles L\u00f3pez, J. (2022). LDN Decision Support System Ecuador 2022, Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3695","article-title":"Assessing UN Indicators of Land Degradation Neutrality and Proportion of Degraded Land for Botswana Using Remote Sensing Based National Level Metrics","volume":"32","author":"Akinyemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3559","article-title":"Updating the MEDALUS-ESA Framework for Worldwide Land Degradation and Desertification Assessment","volume":"31","author":"Ferrara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-022-00437-z","article-title":"A Combined GIS and Remote Sensing Approach for Monitoring Climate Change-Related Land Degradation to Support Landscape Preservation and Planning Tools: The Basilicata Case Study","volume":"15","author":"Gabriele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134319","article-title":"Practicing Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Approach in the Shazand Watershed, Iran","volume":"698","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geosus.2023.01.003","article-title":"Assessment of Land Degradation in Inner Mongolia between 2000 and 2020 Based on Remote Sensing Data","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geogr. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.07.008","article-title":"Towards SDG 15.3: The Biome Context as the Appropriate Degradation Monitoring Dimension","volume":"136","author":"Xoxo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherif, I., Kolintziki, E., and Alexandridis, T.K. (2023). Monitoring of Land Degradation in Greece and Tunisia Using Trends.Earth with a Focus on Cereal Croplands. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071766"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-022-01657-3","article-title":"Erosion Potential Model-Based ANN-MLP for the Spatiotemporal Modeling of Soil Erosion in Wadi Saida Watershed","volume":"9","author":"Cherif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7635-8","article-title":"An Improved RUSLE\/SDR Model for the Evaluation of Soil Erosion","volume":"77","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.30955\/gnj.001847","article-title":"Assessment of Soil Susceptibility to Erosion Using the EPM and RUSLE Models: The Case of Venetikos River Catchment","volume":"18","author":"Efthimiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. NEST J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-016-1280-5","article-title":"Spatial Assessment of Soil Wind Erosion Using WEQ Approach in Mongolia","volume":"26","author":"Mandakh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Jiang, Y., Wang, G., Guo, F., Li, Z., and Liu, B. (2022). Multi-Scale LBP Texture Feature Learning Network for Remote Sensing Interpretation of Land Desertification. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143486"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4659","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variability of the Potential Wind Erosion Risk in Southern Africa between 2005 and 2019","volume":"34","author":"Kestel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgertel, A., Luki\u0107, S., Belanovi\u0107 Simi\u0107, S., and Kadovi\u0107, R. (2019). Identifying Areas Sensitive to Wind Erosion\u2014A Case Study of the AP Vojvodina (Serbia). Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235106"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/03091333211030608","article-title":"Global Assessment of Wind Erosion Based on a Spatially Distributed RWEQ Model","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3883","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Land Degradation (RALDE) Model","volume":"32","author":"Masoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229321080135","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Land Degradation (RALDE) in Khuzestan Province, Iran","volume":"54","author":"Masoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbdelRahman, M.A.E., Metwalli, M.R., Gao, M., Toscano, F., Fiorentino, C., Scopa, A., and D\u2019Antonio, P. (2023). Determining the Extent of Soil Degradation Processes Using Trend Analyses at a Regional Multispectral Scale. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12040855"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4407","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Desertification and Its Driving Mechanism in Hexi Region","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105614","article-title":"Identification and Assessment of the Factors Driving Vegetation Degradation\/Regeneration in Drylands Using Synthetic High Spatiotemporal Remote Sensing Data\u2014A Case Study in Zhenglanqi, Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"107","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-018-5217-6","article-title":"Spatial Patterns and Driving Forces of Land Change in Tibetan-Inhabited Three Rivers Headwaters Region, China","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020664","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation\/Recovery in the African Sahel from Long-Term Earth Observation Based Primary Productivity and Precipitation Relationships","volume":"5","author":"Fensholt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Liu, X., Ding, C., and Huang, F. (2018). Phenology-Based Residual Trend Analysis of MODIS-NDVI Time Series for Assessing Human-Induced Land Degradation. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113676"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"165","article-title":"Assessment and Monitoring of Land Degradation in the Northwest Coast Region, Egypt Using Earth Observations Data","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"363","article-title":"Predictive Modeling of Desertification in Jibia Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Falaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"100432","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Severely Degraded Land: Detection of Long-Term Land-Use Changes Using High-Resolution Satellite Images on the Meghalaya Plateau, Northeast India","volume":"20","author":"Prokop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"323","article-title":"Assessment of Land Degradation Using Comprehensive Geostatistical Approach and Remote Sensing Data in GIS-Model Builder","volume":"22","author":"AbdelRahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.085","article-title":"Spatial Assessment of Land Degradation through Key Ecosystem Services: The Role of Globally Available Data","volume":"628\u2013629","author":"Cerretelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.17221\/118\/2017-SWR","article-title":"Multilevel Soil Degradation Analysis Focusing on Soil Erosion as a Basis for Agrarian Landscape Optimization","volume":"13","author":"Netopil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Water Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146900","article-title":"Land Degradation Mapping in the MATOPIBA Region (Brazil) Using Remote Sensing Data and Decision-Tree Analysis","volume":"782","author":"Vieira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, J., Zhao, X., Li, X., Zhang, T., Wang, S., Luo, Y., Zhu, Y., and Feng, J. (2017). Detecting Sustainability of Desertification Reversion: Vegetation Trend Analysis in Part of the Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone in Inner Mongolia, China. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9020211"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-019-0096-4","article-title":"Assessment of Desertification in Eritrea: Land Degradation Based on Landsat Images","volume":"11","author":"Ghebrezgabher","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rukhovich, D.I., Koroleva, P.V., Rukhovich, D.D., and Kalinina, N.V. (2021). The Use of Deep Machine Learning for the Automated Selection of Remote Sensing Data for the Determination of Areas of Arable Land Degradation Processes Distribution. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010155"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geogeo.2022.100075","article-title":"Landsat NDVI-Based Vegetation Degradation Dynamics and Its Response to Rainfall Variability and Anthropogenic Stressors in Southern Bui Plateau, Cameroon","volume":"1","author":"Fokeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosyst. Geoenviron."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107908","article-title":"Monitoring Desertification in Mongolia Based on Landsat Images and Google Earth Engine from 1990 to 2020","volume":"129","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2022.104036","article-title":"Soil Degradation Detected by Temporal Satellite Image in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"120","author":"Nascimento","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. S. Am. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Fu, S., and Zhou, N. (2023). NDVI-Based Assessment of Land Degradation Trends in Balochistan, Pakistan, and Analysis of the Drivers. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092388"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"87","article-title":"Comparison of Values of Pearson\u2019s and Spearman\u2019s Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data","volume":"30","author":"Hauke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quaest. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-022-10379-z","article-title":"Desertification Prediction with an Integrated 3D Convolutional Neural Network and Cellular Automata in Al-Muthanna, Iraq","volume":"194","author":"Aldabbagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"118","article-title":"Spatial-Temporal Modeling Of Land-Vegetation Degradation, Using Weighted Overlay Index Model. A Case Study On Nineveh Province, Iraq","volume":"8","author":"Jahantab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Yu, L., Du, Z., Peng, D., Hao, P., Zhang, Y., and Gong, P. (2022). An Overview of the Applications of Earth Observation Satellite Data: Impacts and Future Trends. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081863"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gargiulo, M., Dell\u2019Aglio, D.A.G., Iodice, A., Riccio, D., and Ruello, G. (2020). Integration of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data for Land Cover Mapping Using W-Net. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102969"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tempa, K., Ilunga, M., and Agarwal, A. (2024). Tashi Utilizing Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery for LULC and NDVI Change Dynamics for Gelephu, Bhutan. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14041578"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.3232\/SJSS.2019.V9.N2.05","article-title":"Land Degradation Vulnerability Assessment Based on Land Use Changes and FAO Suitability Analysis in Jordan","volume":"9","author":"Makhamreh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Span. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-022-01651-7","article-title":"Characterization of Soil Degradation from the Cameroonians Shores of Lake Chad Combining Spectral Indexes and Statistics Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Gadal","year":"2023","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-023-0020-9","article-title":"Soil Quality Assessment for Desertification Based on Multi-Indicators with the Best-Worst Method in a Semi-Arid Ecosystem","volume":"15","author":"Dengiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110252","article-title":"Land Cover Degradation in the Reference and Monitoring Periods of the SDG Land Degradation Neutrality Indicator for Switzerland","volume":"151","author":"Akinyemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1572799","article-title":"Assessing Global Sentinel-2 Coverage Dynamics and Data Availability for Operational Earth Observation (EO) Applications Using the EO-Compass","volume":"13","author":"Sudmanns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-018-3564-9","article-title":"How to Avoid False Interpretations of Sentinel-1A TOPSAR Interferometric Data in Landslide Mapping? A Case Study: Recent Landslides in Transdanubia, Hungary","volume":"96","author":"Bugya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtgrave, A.-K., R\u00f6der, N., Ackermann, A., Erasmi, S., and Kleinschmit, B. (2020). Comparing Sentinel-1 and -2 Data and Indices for Agricultural Land Use Monitoring. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182919"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11466","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3122573","article-title":"Utility of Copernicus-Based Inputs for Actual Evapotranspiration Modeling in Support of Sustainable Water Use in Agriculture","volume":"14","author":"Guzinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"103587","article-title":"Improving Field-Scale Crop Actual Evapotranspiration Monitoring with Sentinel-3, Sentinel-2, and Landsat Data Fusion","volume":"125","author":"Guzinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20134603","article-title":"Assessing Vegetation Variability and Trends in North-Eastern Brazil Using AVHRR and MODIS NDVI Time Series","volume":"46","author":"Schucknecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterk, G., and Stoorvogel, J.J. (2020). Desertification\u2013Scientific Versus Political Realities. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9050156"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.05.003","article-title":"Multi-Pronged Assessment of Land Degradation in West Africa to Assess the Importance of Atmospheric Fertilization in Masking the Processes Involved","volume":"92\u201393","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.512946","article-title":"Quantitative Mapping of Global Land Degradation Using Earth Observations","volume":"32","author":"Schaepman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9552","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109552","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation and Desertification Using Vegetation Index Data: Current Frameworks and Future Directions","volume":"6","author":"Higginbottom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2017.02.009","article-title":"Grassland Degradation and Restoration Monitoring and Driving Forces Analysis Based on Long Time-Series Remote Sensing Data in Xilin Gol League","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043446","article-title":"Rain-Use-Efficiency: What It Tells Us about the Conflicting Sahel Greening and Sahelian Paradox","volume":"6","author":"Dardel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/16\/3059\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:39:36Z","timestamp":1760110776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/16\/3059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16163059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16163059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]}}}