{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:36Z","timestamp":1760145696598,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12074089","U20A20329","62125104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12074089","U20A20329","62125104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014219","name":"National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12074089","U20A20329","62125104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12074089","U20A20329","62125104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigate the underwater acoustic scattering from various distributed \u201cice balls\u201d floating on the water, aiming to understand acoustic scattering in the marginal ice zone (MIZ). The MIZ, including a wide range of heterogeneous ice cover, significantly impacts acoustic propagation. We use acoustic modelling, simulation, and laboratory experiments to understand the acoustic scattering from various distributed ice balls. The acoustic scattering fields from a single sound source (90 kHz) in water are analyzed based on selected principal scattering waves between the surfaces of ice and water. The target strengths are calculated using the plate element method and physical acoustic methods, which are validated with water tank experimental data. The methodology is then extended to multiple ice ball cases, specifically considering a single ice ball, equally spaced ice balls of the same size, and randomly distributed ice balls of various sizes. Additionally, experimental measurements under similar conditions are conducted in a laboratory water tank. The scattering intensities at different receiving positions are simulated and compared with lab experiments. The results show good agreement between experimental and numerical results, with an absolute error of less than 3 dB. Scattering intensity is positively correlated with water surface reflection when the receiving angle is close to the mirror reflection angle of the incident wave. Our approach sets the groundwork for further research to address more complex ice\u2013water interfaces with various ice covers in the MIZ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:38:43Z","timestamp":1724416723000},"page":"3113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Underwater Acoustic Scattering from Multiple Ice Balls at the Ice\u2013Water Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9234-0517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunbo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Modeling and characteristics of acoustic channel under typical arctic ice","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acoust. 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