{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:27Z","timestamp":1760145807188,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61701140","61171182","SL20230204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61701140","61171182","SL20230204"]}]},{"name":"research project fund of Songjiang Laboratory","award":["61701140","61171182","SL20230204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61701140","61171182","SL20230204"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transmit\/receive-receive (T\/R-R) synergetic High Frequency Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR) has increasingly attracted attention due to its high localization accuracy, but multi-target pairing needs to be performed before localization in multi-target scenarios. However, existing multi-target parameter matching methods have primarily focused on track association, which falls under the category of information-level fusion techniques, with few methods based on detected points. In this paper, we propose a multi-target pairing method with high computational efficiency based on angle information for T\/R-R synergetic HFSWR. To be more specific, a dual-receiving array signal model under long baseline condition is firstly constructed. Then, the amplitude and phase differences of the same target reaching two subarrays are calculated to establish the cross-correlation matrix. Subsequently, in order to extract the rotation factor matrices containing pairing information and improve angle estimation performance, we utilize the conjugate symmetry properties of the uniform linear array (ULA) manifold matrix for generalized virtual aperture extension. Ultimately, azimuths estimation and multi-target pairing are accomplished by combining the propagator method (PM) and the ESPRIT algorithm. The proposed method relies solely on angle information for multi-target pairing and leverages the rotational invariance property of Vandermonde matrices to avoid peak searching or iterations, making it computationally efficient. Furthermore, the proposed method maintains superb performance regardless of whether the spatial angles are widely separated or very close. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T03:14:31Z","timestamp":1724642071000},"page":"3128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multi-Target Pairing Method Based on PM-ESPRIT-like DOA Estimation for T\/R-R HFSWR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1957-0368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaochuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Siming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Weibo","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5423-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Yang, Q., Zhang, X., Ji, X., and Xiao, D. (2022). Space-Time Adaptive Processing Clutter-Suppression Algorithm Based on Beam Reshaping for High-Frequency Surface Wave Radar. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122935"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Motion compensation method using direct wave signal for CTSR bistatic HFSWR","volume":"20","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1049\/rsn2.12372","article-title":"Joint correction method for ionospheric phase pollution of high-frequency sky-surface wave radar based on adaptive optimal path","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Lai, Y., Zhou, H., Tian, Y., Qin, Y., and Lv, Z. (2023). Improving Ship Detection Based on Decision Tree Classification for High Frequency Surface Wave Radar. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11030493"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2018.170027","article-title":"Conceptual study on bistatic shipborne high frequency surface wave radar","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2006.888378","article-title":"Operational wave, current, and wind measurements with the Pisces HF radar","volume":"31","author":"Wyatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"21","article-title":"Canada\u2019s Third Generation High Frequency Surface Wave Radar System","volume":"10","author":"Moo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helzel, T., Hansen, B., Kniephoff, M., Petersen, L., and Valentin, M. (2012, January 8\u201310). Introduction of the compact HF radar WERA-S. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE\/OES Baltic International Symposium (BALTIC), Klaipeda, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.1109\/BALTIC.2012.6249215"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2487363","article-title":"A simple ship echo identification procedure with SeaSonde HF radar","volume":"12","author":"Chuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., Pang, Z., Huang, W., Ma, P., Ji, Y., Dai, Y., and Li, X. (2022). A multi-stage vessel tracklet association method for compact high-frequency surface wave radar. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071601"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"di Bisceglie, M., and Galdi, C. (2021). Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar. Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High Frequency, Marine and GNSS-Based Radar, IET The Institution of Engineering and Technology."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2188298","article-title":"Measurement of sea surface wind direction using bistatic high-frequency radar","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Yue, C., Gong, W., Liu, J., Sun, H., Yu, C., and Li, M. (2020). Coast\u2013ship bistatic HF surface wave radar: Simulation analysis and experimental verification. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030470"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Meng, J., Yu, C., Li, M., and Sun, W. (2021, January 17). Vessel target monitoring with bistatic compact HF surface wave radar. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2020\u20132020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS39084.2020.9323772"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adve, R.S., Applebaum, L., Wicks, M.C., and Schneible, R.A. (2006, January 22\u201324). Space-time-waveform adaptive processing for frequency diverse distributed radar apertures. Proceedings of the 2006 40th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2006.286686"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Cho, C.J., Lee, Y., Da Costa, A., Lee, S., and Ko, H. (2017, January 16\u201318). Coastal ship monitoring based on multiple compact high frequency surface wave radars. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI), Daegu, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/MFI.2017.8170381"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2016.0497","article-title":"Multi-sensor track-to-track fusion with target existence in cluttered environments","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/asjc.1176","article-title":"Simultaneous Target Flying Mode Identification and Altitude Estimation in Bistatic T\/R-R HFSWR","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2019.2909961","article-title":"Nonlinear extraction of directional ocean wave spectrum from synthetic bistatic high-frequency surface wave radar data","volume":"45","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"362","article-title":"Imaging of spinning targets via narrow-band T\/RR bistatic radars","volume":"10","author":"Ai","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., Ji, M., Huang, W., Ji, Y., and Dai, Y. (2020). Vessel tracking using bistatic compact HFSWR. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081266"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3071625","article-title":"Vessel velocity estimation and tracking from Doppler echoes of T\/RR composite compact HFSWR","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2018.11.016","article-title":"Transmit beamspace-based DOD and DOA estimation method for bistatic MIMO radar","volume":"157","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2019.03.001","article-title":"Joint transmit-receive B-PARAFAC method for angle estimation in bistatic MIMO radar","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"621358","article-title":"Beamspace unitary ESPRIT algorithm for angle estimation in bistatic MIMO radar","volume":"2015","author":"Dang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, R., Neuberger, N., and Vehmas, R. (2021, January 7\u201314). Rx beamforming for long baseline multistatic radar networks. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf21), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf2147009.2021.9455173"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Zhou, E., Jiang, H., and Qi, H. (April, January 30). 4-D parameter estimation in bistatic MIMO radar for near-field target localization. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Wireless Symposium (IWS 2015), Shenzhen, China."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Feng, J., Wang, F., Zhang, J., and Liang, X. (2011, January 20\u201321). Research on location accuracy in bistatic radar network. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Computing, Control and Industrial Engineering, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCIENG.2011.6007966"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3335418","article-title":"Track-to-Track association based on maximum likelihood estimation for T\/RR composite compact HFSWR","volume":"61","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., and Fang, L. (2021, January 26\u201328). An improved track association algorithm based on AdaBoost and decision tree. Proceedings of the 2021 4th International Conference on Advanced Electronic Materials, Computers and Software Engineering (AEMCSE), Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/AEMCSE51986.2021.00164"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.23919\/JSEE.2020.000066","article-title":"Multi-target tracking algorithm based on PHD filter against multi-range-false-target jamming","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, H., Zhao, Y., and Wang, Y. (2018, January 26\u201328). The multi-target association algorithm based on multi-feature. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Computational Electromagnetics (ICCEM), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPEM.2018.8496679"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, L. (2013, January 16\u201318). A possibilistic data association based algorithm for multi-target tracking. Proceedings of the 2013 Third International Conference on Intelligent System Design and Engineering Applications, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDEA.2012.43"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1049\/rsn2.12253","article-title":"Multi-target pair-matching method based on angle information in transmit\/receive-receive synergetic High Frequency Surface Wave Radar","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6473","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2988327","article-title":"Convex optimization-based 2-D DOA estimation with enhanced virtual aperture and virtual snapshots extension for l-shaped array","volume":"69","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2521785","article-title":"Computationally efficient 2-D DOA estimation for L-shaped array with automatic pairing","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2014.2321791","article-title":"A computationally efficient subspace algorithm for 2-D DOA estimation with L-shaped array","volume":"21","author":"Nie","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.130018","article-title":"Subspace-based two-dimensional direction estimation and tracking of multiple targets","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3146400","article-title":"Channel estimation for extremely large-scale MIMO: Far-field or near-field?","volume":"70","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Mailloux, R.J. (2017). Phased Array Antenna Handbook, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1109\/89.824702","article-title":"Array optimization applied in the near field of a microphone array","volume":"8","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:54Z","timestamp":1760110974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16173128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16173128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]}}}