{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:40:03Z","timestamp":1775486403825,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H04362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H04362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Establishing a quantitative relationship between Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and optical data can facilitate the fusion of these two data sources, enhancing the time-series monitoring capabilities for remote sensing of a land surface. In this study, we analyzed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Shortwave Infrared Transformed Reflectance (STR) with the backscatter coefficients in vertical polarization VV (\u03c30VV) and cross polarization VH (\u03c30VH) across different seasons. We used optical and microwave satellite data spanning from the southern Gobi Desert region to the steppe region in northern Mongolia. The results indicate a relatively high correlation between the NDVI derived from Sentinel-2 and \u03c30VH (RVH = 0.29, RVH = 0.44, p &lt; 0.001) and a low correlation between the NDVI and \u03c30VV (RVH = 0.06, RVH = 0.14, p &lt; 0.01) in the Gobi Desert region during summer and fall. STR showed a positive correlation with both \u03c30VH and \u03c30VV except in spring, with the highest correlation coefficients observed in summer (RVV = 0.45, RVV = 0.44, p &lt; 0.001). In the steppe region, significant seasonal variations in the NDVI and \u03c30VH were noted, with a strong positive correlation peaking in summer (RVH = 0.71, p &lt; 0.001) and an inverse correlation with \u03c30VV except in summer (RVV = \u22120.43, RVV = \u22120.34, RVV = \u22120.13, p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, STR showed a positive correlation with \u03c30VH and \u03c30VV in summer (RVH = 0.40, RVV = 0.39, p &lt; 0.001) and fall (RVH = 0.38, RVV = 0.09, p &lt; 0.01), as well as an inverse correlation in spring (RVH= \u22120.17, RVV= \u22120.38, p &lt; 0.001) and winter (RVH = \u22120.21, RVV = \u22120.06, p &lt; 0.001). The correlations between the NDVI, STR, \u03c30VH, and \u03c30VV were shown to vary by season and region. In the Gobi Desert region, perennial shrubs are not photosynthetic in spring and winter, and they affect backscatter due to surface roughness. In the steppe region, annual shrubs were found to be the dominant species and were found to photosynthesize in spring, but not enough to affect the backscatter due to surface roughness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T07:53:37Z","timestamp":1724658817000},"page":"3143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seasonal Dynamics of the Land-Surface Characteristics in Arid Regions Retrieved by Optical and Microwave Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8540-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokusei Gakuen University Junior College, Sapporo 004-0042, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4159-0062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myagmartseren","family":"Purevtseren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Che","family":"Limuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7545-7644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuro","family":"Hagiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2561-8774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Hobara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5909-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buho","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2021.107133","article-title":"Gone with the wind: Impact of soil-dust storms on farm income","volume":"188","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. 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