{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:08Z","timestamp":1760145848837,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42174012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the enrichment of GNSS data and the improvement in data processing accuracy, GNSS technology has been widely applied in fields such as crustal deformation. The Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) has provided decades of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data and related data products for crustal deformation research on the Chinese mainland. The coordinate time series of continuously observed reference stations contain abundant information on crustal movements. In contrast, the coordinate time series of periodically observed campaign stations have limited data, making it difficult to separate or remove instantaneous non-tectonic movements from the time series, as performed with reference stations, to obtain a stable and reliable crustal movement velocity field. To address this issue, this paper proposes a method to improve the estimation of crustal movement velocity at campaign stations using the information of neighboring reference stations. This method constructs a Delaunay triangulation of reference stations and fits the periodic movement of each campaign station using an inverse distance weighted interpolation algorithm based on the reference station information. The crustal movement velocity of the campaign stations is then estimated after removing the periodic movement. This method was verified by its application to the estimation of the vertical motion rate at some reference and campaign stations in Yunnan Province. The results show that the accuracy of vertical motion rate estimation for virtual and real campaign stations improved by an average of 24.4% and 9.6%, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the improved method, which can be applied to estimate crustal movement velocity at campaign stations in other areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T07:53:37Z","timestamp":1724658817000},"page":"3144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improvement of the Estimation of the Vertical Crustal Motion Rate at GNSS Campaign Stations Based on the Information of GNSS Reference Stations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiazheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-2654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaihua","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Guanghong","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Research on Common Mode Error Extraction Method for Large Spatial Scale GPS Networks","volume":"39","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"899","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Vertical Deformation of the Chinese Mainland Surface Using \u201cChina\u2019s Crustal Movement Observation Network\u201d GPS and GRACE Data","volume":"47","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5722","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010503","article-title":"Three-dimensional velocity field of present-day crustal motion of the Tibetan Plateau derived from GPS measurements","volume":"118","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggx246","article-title":"Regional characteristics and influencing factors of seasonal vertical crustal motions in Yunnan, China","volume":"210","author":"Zhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, W., Yuan, P., Chen, H., Cai, J., Li, Z., Chao, N., and Sneeuw, N. (2017). Annual variations of monsoon and drought detected by GPS: A case study in Yunnan, China. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06095-1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Ding, K., Liu, P., Lan, G., and Ming, Z. (2022). Spatiotemporal filtering for continuous GPS coordinate time series in mainland China by using independent component analysis. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122904"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/cjg2.755","article-title":"The Impact and Correction of Non-Tectonic Deformation on GPS Continuous Station Position Time Series","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"629","article-title":"High-Precision and High-Density GPS Monitoring of Tectonic Deformation in the Chinese Mainland: Present-Day Velocity Field","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Sin. (Terrae)"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"290","article-title":"Can Mobile GPS Observation Data Be Used for Crustal Vertical Deformation Monitoring? A Case Study of the Chinese Mainland","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"963","article-title":"Analysis and Experiment on Correcting Vertical Velocity of Mobile Observations Using Continuous GPS Observations","volume":"41","author":"Zhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"613","article-title":"Characteristics of Vertical Deformation in the Northern Section of the North-South Seismic Belt Before and After the Wenchuan M_S8.0 Earthquake","volume":"44","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Seismol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"95","article-title":"Accurate Acquisition and Method Evaluation of GPS Vertical Annual Periodic Motion","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Seismol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2009.10.005","article-title":"The influence of seasonal signals on the estimation of the tectonic motion in short continuous GPS time-series","volume":"49","author":"Bos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-015-0357-1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of GPS time series in vertical direction using independent component analysis","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"4777","article-title":"Analysis of Vertical Surface Displacement Changes in Sichuan Using GPS and GRACE","volume":"61","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"805","article-title":"Present-Day Crustal Deformation Characteristics of Active Blocks in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region","volume":"47","author":"Qiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"42","article-title":"Identification and Removal of Terrestrial Water Load Deformation Interference in GPS Time Series in Western Yunnan Using GRACE","volume":"57","author":"Sheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2013.06.014","article-title":"Research on the stability analysis of GNSS reference stations network by time series analysis","volume":"23","year":"2013","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2228","article-title":"Analysis of the Causes of Nonlinear Changes in the Coordinate Time Series of IGS Reference Stations in China","volume":"56","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1282","article-title":"Improved 3\u03c3 Outlier Detection Method for GNSS Deformation Monitoring Time Series","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"258","article-title":"Outlier Detection in GNSS Coordinate Time Series Based on the SSA-S_n Method","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2613","article-title":"Study on Vertical Seasonal Fluctuation Changes and Tectonic Deformation in Yunnan Using GPS and Hydrological Load Models","volume":"64","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2307\/143141","article-title":"A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region","volume":"46","author":"Tobler","year":"1970","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"69","article-title":"The First Law of Geography and the Proposal of Spatio-temporal Proximity","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Construction of the Velocity Field of the Chinese Mainland Based on the Local Seamless Delaunay Triangulation Inverse Distance Weighting Method","volume":"46","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Dhevi, A.S. (2014, January 17\u201319). Imputing missing values using Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation for time series data. Proceedings of the 2014 Sixth International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICoAC), Chennai, India."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"287","article-title":"Optimized IDW Interpolation Method Considering GNSS Water Vapor Distribution Characteristics and Inter-Station Distance","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Univ. Inf. Sci. Technol. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"960","article-title":"Analysis of the Relationship Between CMONOC Coordinate Time Series Considering Rainfall and Hydrological Load in the ITRF2014 Framework","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"866","article-title":"Extraction and Physical Mechanism Analysis of Seasonal Vertical Displacement Signals in North China","volume":"47","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-016-0973-y","article-title":"Spatiotemporal filtering for regional GPS network in China using independent component analysis","volume":"91","author":"Ming","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GC008515","article-title":"The Generic Mapping Tools version 6","volume":"20","author":"Wessel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3144\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:53Z","timestamp":1760110973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16173144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16173144","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]}}}