{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:03Z","timestamp":1760145723923,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023M731211","62071188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M731211","62071188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023M731211","62071188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M731211","62071188"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To tackle the problem of difficult signal detection and carrier frequency synchronization faced by wireless communication among stations of the multistatic passive detection system in interference environments, an adaptive signal detection and carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation method based on a virtual array is proposed in this paper. This is a data-aided method that utilizes a training sequence composed of three segments of sub-training sequences with different symbols. This method first uses spatial spectrum estimation to obtain the coarse frequency estimations of interference signals and CFO from virtual array signals constructed from the first two sub-training sequences. Then, beamforming is conducted accordingly on the virtual array signals constructed from the third sub-training sequence to suppress the in-band interferences and protrude the expected signal. Finally, improved performance of signal detection and CFO estimation is obtained with the beamformed signals. Simulation experiments show that a missed detection probability as low as 1 \u00d7 10\u22124, with a false detection probability of 1 \u00d7 10\u22123, can be obtained under a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of \u221210 dB and Eb\/N0 of 1 dB. Moreover, the proposed method can also simultaneously achieve a CFO estimation error that is lower than 3%, with the condition of Eb\/N0 being as low as \u22125 dB under different SIRs. Simulation results validate the proposed method and demonstrate the promising application prospects of the proposed method in networked passive detection scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T03:51:06Z","timestamp":1724730666000},"page":"3152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual Array-Based Signal Detection and Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation in a Multistatic Collaborative Passive Detection System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaomao","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"939","article-title":"Research progresses and development trends of the multi-illuminator-based passive radar","volume":"9","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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