{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:21:10Z","timestamp":1764782470115,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Medio Ambiente y Ordenaci\u00f3n del Territorio (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change increases the vulnerability of relict forests. To address this problem, regional Forest Services require silvicultural and conservation actions to designate specific forest management alternatives. In this context, the main objective of this study was to develop a methodology to map complex Abies pinsapo forest typologies using multispectral and low-density airborne LiDAR data and machine learning. Stand density, species composition and cover were used to identify seven forest typologies. Random forest resulted as the more accurate model (OA = 0.62; Kappa = 0.43) to classify those types based on multispectral and LiDAR data, although showing a moderate model performance. Classification performance showed great differences between forest types with better results for the uneven-aged stands compared to the even-aged and two-aged stands. The developed typology was applied to supply local forest managers with more accurate forest maps that can be used to improve forest management plans. The typology proposed is easy to apply in forest management practices since it only uses as input the diameter at breast height, tree density and specific composition. The study demonstrated the potential of low-density LiDAR data combined with spectral information from high-resolution orthophotos to predict the structural characteristics of complex forest typologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T11:54:10Z","timestamp":1724846050000},"page":"3182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Large-Scale Mapping of Complex Forest Typologies Using Multispectral Imagery and Low-Density Airborne LiDAR: A Case Study in Pinsapo Fir Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6050-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Jes\u00fas","family":"Ariza-Salamanca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Silviculture Laboratory, Dendrochronology and Climate Change, DendrodatLab\u2014ERSAF, Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. IV, km. 396, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9764-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silviculture Laboratory, Dendrochronology and Climate Change, DendrodatLab\u2014ERSAF, Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. IV, km. 396, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Benedicto","family":"L\u00f3pez-Quintanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda Medio-Ambiente y Ordenaci\u00f3n del Territorio, Plan de Recuperaci\u00f3n del Pinsapo, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Mar\u00eda","family":"Navarro-Cerrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silviculture Laboratory, Dendrochronology and Climate Change, DendrodatLab\u2014ERSAF, Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. IV, km. 396, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry, D.A., Oren, R., and Hart, S.C. (2008). 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