{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:48Z","timestamp":1760145768902,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62371440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In response to the application requirement of wide-range high-resolution imaging of non-cooperative moving real targets by inverse synthetic-aperture ladar (ISAL), experiments were conducted on the depolarization effect of target materials, and the polarization selection of ISAL receiving and transmitting channels was discussed. Considering the impact of target depolarization and the demand for along-track interferometry, combined with beam-broaden and high-gain amplifiers, an ISAL system design method that can stably image multiple non-cooperative real targets has been proposed. Under the condition of broadening the transmitting and receiving beams to 3\u00b0 in the elevation direction for non-cooperative moving vehicles, echo data with a duration of 1 s is obtained. The spatial correlation algorithm combined with along-track interferometry is used to estimate the vibration phase error. The sub-aperture Range-Doppler algorithm is used for imaging. The ISAL imaging results of the moving vehicle validated the high-resolution imaging ability of ISAL and its potential for stable imaging of non-cooperative moving real targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1724931217000},"page":"3201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Moving Real-Target Imaging of a Beam-Broaden ISAL Based on Orthogonal Polarization Receiver and Along-Track Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jinghan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"The School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Daojing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"The School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Anjing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"The School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Shumei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24237","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.024237","article-title":"Laboratory demonstrations of interferometric and spotlight synthetic aperture ladar techniques","volume":"20","author":"Crouch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1117\/12.460767","article-title":"Synthetic aperture imaging at 1.5 um: Laboratory demonstration and potential application to planet surface studies","volume":"Volume 4849","author":"Bashkansky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Highly Innovative Space Telescope Concepts"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, H., Qiu, L., Jiang, J., and Sun, Y. (2018). An Inverse Synthetic Aperture Ladar Imaging Algorithm of Maneuvering Target Based on Integral Cubic Phase Function-Fractional Fourier Transform. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7080148"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2017.04.009","article-title":"Analysis of airborne synthetic aperture ladar imaging with platform vibration","volume":"140","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.27.001983","article-title":"Two-dimensional synthetic aperture imaging in the optical domain","volume":"27","author":"Bashkansky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdukirim, A., Ren, Y., Tao, Z., Liu, S., Li, Y., Deng, H., and Rao, R. (2023). Effects of Atmospheric Coherent Time on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Ladar Imaging through Atmospheric Turbulence. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112883"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2016.12.024","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of tri-aperture Differential Synthetic Aperture Ladar","volume":"389","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2007.893364","article-title":"Atmospheric Phase Error in Coherent Laser Radar","volume":"55","author":"Karr","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2004.1367958","article-title":"Data-adaptive motion compensation for synthetic aperture LADAR","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Attia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1300.2014.13132","article-title":"Imaging of airborne synthetic aperture ladar under platform vibration condition","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.125901","article-title":"Synthetic aperture ladar motion compensation method based on symmetrical triangular linear frequency modulation continuous wave","volume":"471","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7861809","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2022.3225468","article-title":"Laser Synthetic Aperture Coherent Imaging for Micro-Rotating Objects Based on Array Detectors","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, R., Wang, Q., Dai, G., Chen, X., Ren, C., Liu, J., Li, D., Wang, X., Cao, H., and Qin, S. (2023). The Design and Performance Evaluation of a 1550 nm All-Fiber Dual-Polarization Coherent Doppler Lidar for Atmospheric Aerosol Measurements. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225336"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.481186","article-title":"Vibration phases estimation based on orthogonal interferometry of inner view field for ISAL imaging and detection","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, R., Li, W., Dong, Q., Wang, B., Xiang, M., and Wang, Y. (2024). Synthetic Aperture Ladar Motion Compensation Method Based on Symmetric Triangle Linear Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave Segmented Interference. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16050793"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0205004","DOI":"10.3788\/IRLA202049.0205004","article-title":"Generation of linear frequency modulation laser source with broadband narrow linewidth using optical phase modulator","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"098104","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.62.9.098104","article-title":"Imaging and detection method for low signal-to-noise ratio airborne synthetic aperture ladar signals","volume":"62","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, D., Wang, R., Wang, N., Zhang, K., and Li, G. (2017, January 21\u201323). Experiment of inverse synthetic aperture LADAR on real target. Proceedings of the 2017 7th IEEE International Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication (ICEIEC), Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEIEC.2017.8076572"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.458595","article-title":"Moving target imaging of a dual-channel ISAL with binary phase shift keying signals and large squint angles","volume":"61","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3201\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:45:20Z","timestamp":1760111120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16173201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16173201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}