{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:36:27Z","timestamp":1776400587856,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) IP\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) IP\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50019\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) IP\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0068\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0068\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) IP\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["2022.15714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.15714"]}]},{"name":"MIT","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MIT","award":["UIDP\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50019\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MIT","award":["LA\/P\/0068\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0068\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MIT","award":["2022.15714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.15714"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates the capability of an unconstrained tomographic algorithm to capture 3D water vapor density variability throughout 2017 in Houston, U.S. The algorithm relies solely on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations and does not require an initial guess or other specific constraints regarding water vapor density variability within the tomographic domain. The test domain, featuring 9 km horizontal, 500 m vertical, and 30 min temporal resolutions, yielded remarkable results when compared to data retrieved from the ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5), regional Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) data, and GNSS-Radio Occultation (RO). For the first time, a time series of Precipitable Water Vapor maps derived from the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique was used to validate the spatially integrated water vapor computed by GNSS tomography. Tomographic results clearly indicate the passage of Hurricane Harvey, with integrated water vapor peaking at 60 kg\/m2 and increased humidity at altitudes up to 7.5 km. Our findings suggest that GNSS tomography holds promise as a reliable source of atmospheric water vapor data for various applications. Future enhancements may arise from denser and multi-constellation networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T07:45:47Z","timestamp":1725003947000},"page":"3205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Atmospheric Water Vapor Variability over Houston: Continuous GNSS Tomography in the Year of Hurricane Harvey (2017)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8027-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Mateus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Catal\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9733-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Boloma, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4288-9456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M. A.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgiev, C.G., Santurette, P., and Maynard, K. (2016). Diagnosis of Thermodynamic Environment of Deep Convection. Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800194-3.00004-2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00585-000-0223-7","article-title":"4D Tropospheric Tomography Using GPS Slant Wet Delays","volume":"18","author":"Flores","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.04.017","article-title":"The Verification of GNSS Tropospheric Tomography Model in a Mountainous Area","volume":"47","author":"Rohm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-36-1037-2018","article-title":"An Optimal Tropospheric Tomography Approach with the Support of an Auxiliary Area","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-355-2020","article-title":"A GPS Water Vapour Tomography Method Based on a Genetic Algorithm","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-15-2605-2015","article-title":"On the Inclusion of GPS Precipitable Water Vapour in the Nowcasting of Rainfall","volume":"15","author":"Benevides","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0755-5","article-title":"4D Wet Refractivity Estimation in the Atmosphere Using GNSS Tomography Initialized by Radiosonde and AIRS Measurements: Results from a 1-Week Intensive Campaign","volume":"22","author":"Benevides","year":"2018","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-5249-2016","article-title":"Assessing the Performance of Troposphere Tomographic Modeling Using Multi-Source Water Vapor Data during Hong Kong\u2019s Rainy Season from May to October 2013","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-31-1805-2013","article-title":"GNSS Troposphere Tomography Based on Two-Step Reconstructions Using GPS Observations and COSMIC Profiles","volume":"31","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.12.025","article-title":"Tomographic Reconstruction of Wet and Total Refractivity Fields from GNSS Receiver Networks","volume":"47","author":"Notarpietro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD032451","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032451","article-title":"TOMOREF Operator for Assimilation of GNSS Tomography Wet Refractivity Fields in WRF DA System","volume":"125","author":"Trzcina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-020-01005-x","article-title":"B-Spline Function-Based Approach for GPS Tropospheric Tomography","volume":"24","author":"Amerian","year":"2020","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-35-87-2017","article-title":"An Improved Troposphere Tomographic Approach Considering the Signals Coming from the Side Face of the Tomographic Area","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Guo, J., Shi, J., Zhou, L., Xu, Y., and Chen, M. (2018). A Method to Improve the Distribution of Observations in GNSS Water Vapor Tomography. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082526"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-014-0342-4","article-title":"4D Tomographic Reconstruction of the Tropospheric Wet Refractivity Using the Concept of Virtual Reference Station, Case Study: Northwest of Iran","volume":"126","author":"Adavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Liu, C., and Xu, C. (2020). A New GNSS-Derived Water Vapor Tomography Method Based on Optimized Voxel for Large GNSS Network. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142306"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL094852","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL094852","article-title":"A New Unconstrained Approach to GNSS Atmospheric Water Vapor Tomography","volume":"48","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL100140","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL100140","article-title":"Improved GNSS Water Vapor Tomography With Modified Mapping Functions","volume":"49","author":"Miranda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023GL105030","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL105030","article-title":"Optimizing Boundary Conditions in GNSS Tomography: A Continuous 7-Month Case Study in the Amazon","volume":"50","author":"Miranda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2853183","article-title":"Hybrid Regularized GPS Tropospheric Sensing Using 3-D Ray Tracing Technique","volume":"15","author":"Amerian","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1109\/36.905252","article-title":"Tomography of the Lower Troposphere Using a Small Dense Network of GPS Receivers","volume":"39","author":"Flores","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2004.04.003","article-title":"GPS Water Vapour Tomography: Preliminary Results from the ESCOMPTE Field Experiment","volume":"74","author":"Champollion","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.05.034","article-title":"Development of a GNSS Water Vapour Tomography System Using Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques","volume":"47","author":"Bender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foken, T. (2021). Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements, Springer International Publishing. Springer Handbooks.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52171-4"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.11.026","article-title":"Le Ground-Based GNSS ZTD\/IWV Estimation System for Numerical Weather Prediction in Challenging Weather Conditions","volume":"138","author":"Rohm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0454-2","article-title":"4D GPS Water Vapor Tomography: New Parameterized Approaches","volume":"85","author":"Perler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-023-01517-2","article-title":"GNSS Water Vapor Tomography Based on Kalman Filter with Optimized Noise Covariance","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.104624","article-title":"Radio Occultation and Ground-Based GNSS Products for Observing, Understanding and Predicting Extreme Events: A Review","volume":"230","author":"Bonafoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5313","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2023.2247526","article-title":"GNSS Ground-Based Tomography: State-of-the-Art and Technological Challenges","volume":"44","author":"Saxena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-023-00096-4","article-title":"Assessment of Tomographic Window and Sampling Rate Effects on GNSS Water Vapor Tomography","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Satell. Navig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305004100030401","article-title":"A Generalized Inverse for Matrices","volume":"51","author":"Penrose","year":"1955","journal-title":"Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson, C.L., and Hanson, R.J. (1995). Solving Least Squares Problems, Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611971217"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 Global Reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Skamarock, W.C., Klemp, J.B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D.O., Liu, Z., Berner, J., Wang, W., Powers, J.G., Duda, M.G., and Barker, D.M. (2024, August 01). A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Model Version 4.3 (No. NCAR\/TN-556+STR). Available online: https:\/\/opensky.ucar.edu\/islandora\/object\/opensky:2898."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-1077-2011","article-title":"Exploring Earth\u2019s Atmosphere with Radio Occultation: Contributions to Weather, Climate and Space Weather","volume":"4","author":"Anthes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD036111","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD036111","article-title":"Using InSAR Data to Improve the Water Vapor Distribution Downstream of the Core of the South American Low-Level Jet","volume":"127","author":"Mateus","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD034171","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD034171","article-title":"Continuous Multitrack Assimilation of Sentinel-1 Precipitable Water Vapor Maps for Numerical Weather Prediction: How Far Can We Go With Current InSAR Data?","volume":"126","author":"Mateus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-3097-2019","article-title":"From ERA-Interim to ERA5: The Considerable Impact of ECMWF\u2019s next-Generation Reanalysis on Lagrangian Transport Simulations","volume":"19","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Stull, R.B. (2017). Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-Based Survey of Atmospheric Science, Sundog Publishing, LLC. 1.02b."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4398","DOI":"10.1175\/2008MWR2550.1","article-title":"Diagnosis of an Intense Atmospheric River Impacting the Pacific Northwest: Storm Summary and Offshore Vertical Structure Observed with COSMIC Satellite Retrievals","volume":"136","author":"Neiman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17513","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900151","article-title":"A Nonlinear Optimal Estimation Inverse Method for Radio Occultation Measurements of Temperature, Humidity, and Surface Pressure","volume":"105","author":"Palmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.F. (2001). Radar Interferometry, Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Springer. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4740","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50891","article-title":"InSAR Observation and Numerical Modeling of the Water Vapor Signal during a Heavy Rain: A Case Study of the 2008 Seino Event, Central Japan","volume":"40","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15105","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005726","article-title":"GPS Zenith Delay Sensitivity Evaluated from High-Resolution Numerical Weather Prediction Simulations of the 8\u20139 September 2002 Flash Flood over Southeastern France","volume":"111","author":"Brenot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar Interferogram Filtering for Geophysical Applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2002.806990","article-title":"Using the Matrix Pencil Method to Solve Phase Unwrapping","volume":"51","author":"Nico","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1994)033<0379:GMMZWD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"GPS Meteorology: Mapping Zenith Wet Delays onto Precipitable Water","volume":"33","author":"Bevis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Jean R\u00fceger, A.M. (2002, January 19\u201326). Refractive Index Formulae for Radio Waves. Proceedings of the FIG XXII International Congress, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2318993","article-title":"Maps of PWV Temporal Changes by SAR Interferometry: A Study on the Properties of Atmosphere\u2019s Temperature Profiles","volume":"11","author":"Mateus","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Mendes, V.B. (1999). Modeling the Neutral-Atmospheric Propagation Delay in Radiometric Space Techniques, University of New Brunswick. Available online: https:\/\/gge.ext.unb.ca\/Pubs\/TR199.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2946077","article-title":"Mapping Precipitable Water Vapor Time Series from Sentinel-1 Interferometric SAR","volume":"58","author":"Mateus","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001905","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2024.3379249","article-title":"Improving the Accuracy and Spatial Resolution of ERA5 Precipitable Water Vapor Using InSAR Data","volume":"21","author":"Mateus","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meroni, A.N., Montrasio, M., Venuti, G., Barindelli, S., Mascitelli, A., Manzoni, M., Monti-Guarnieri, A.V., Gatti, A., Lagasio, M., and Parodi, A. (2020). On the Definition of the Strategy to Obtain Absolute InSAR Zenith Total Delay Maps for Meteorological Applications. Front. Earth Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.00359"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063872","article-title":"Revised Interpretation of Recent InSAR Signals Observed at Llaima Volcano (Chile)","volume":"42","author":"Remy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015159","article-title":"Atmospheric Models, GPS and InSAR Measurements of the Tropospheric Water Vapour Field over Mount Etna","volume":"29","author":"Wadge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03804","article-title":"Atmospheric Effects in Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Surface Deformation and Topographic Maps","volume":"102","author":"Zebker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2658342","article-title":"Sentinel-1 Interferometric SAR Mapping of Precipitable Water Vapor over a Country-Spanning Area","volume":"55","author":"Mateus","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027472","article-title":"Assimilating InSAR Maps of Water Vapor to Improve Heavy Rainfall Forecasts: A Case Study with Two Successive Storms","volume":"123","author":"Mateus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Herring, T.A., King, R.W., Floyd, M.A., and McClusky, S.C. (2018). GAMIT Reference Manual Reference Manual GPS Analysis at MIT, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Institute of Technology. Available online: http:\/\/geoweb.mit.edu\/gg\/docs.php."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20489","DOI":"10.1029\/97JB01739","article-title":"Effects of Atmospheric Azimuthal Asymmetry on the Analysis of Space Geodetic Data","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(75)90037-6","article-title":"On the Use of a Coordinate Transformation for the Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations","volume":"17","author":"Somerville","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1029\/JD089iD02p02563","article-title":"Vertical Distribution Features of Atmospheric Water Vapor in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean","volume":"89","author":"Tomasi","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-020-05240-3","article-title":"Special Issue: Advances in Convection-Permitting Climate Modeling","volume":"55","author":"Prein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3205\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:45:29Z","timestamp":1760111129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16173205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16173205","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}