{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T06:23:15Z","timestamp":1772605395098,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001656","name":"Initiative and Networking Fund of the German Helmholtz Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GI-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GI-038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001656","name":"Initiative and Networking Fund of the German Helmholtz Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M-0749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-0749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001656","name":"Initiative and Networking Fund of the German Helmholtz Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01LZ1806A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01LZ1806A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mobility Grant","award":["GI-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GI-038"]}]},{"name":"Mobility Grant","award":["M-0749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-0749"]}]},{"name":"Mobility Grant","award":["01LZ1806A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01LZ1806A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GI-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GI-038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M-0749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-0749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01LZ1806A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01LZ1806A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetation poses a significant problem due to its toxicity and persistence. Toxic effects on vegetation include not only impaired growth, reduced yields, and even plant death but also biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. Addressing this issue requires comprehensive monitoring and remediation efforts to mitigate the environmental, human health, and ecological impacts. This review examines the state-of-the-art methodologies and advancements in remote sensing applications for detecting and monitoring heavy metal contamination in soil and its subsequent effects on vegetation. By synthesizing the current research findings and technological developments, this review offers insights into the efficacy and potential of remote sensing for monitoring heavy metal contamination in terrestrial ecosystems. However, current studies focus on regression and AI methods to link spectral reflectances and indices to heavy metal concentrations, which poses limited transferability to other areas, times, spectral discretizations, and heavy metal elements. We conclude that one important way forward is the more thorough understanding and simulation of the related physico-chemical processes in soils and plants and their effects on the spectral signatures. This would offer a profound basis for remote sensing applications for individual circumstances and would allow disentangling heavy metal effects from other stressors such as droughts or soil salinity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T10:54:11Z","timestamp":1725015251000},"page":"3221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Monitoring Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils and Vegetation by Remote Sensing: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7359-9443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoriia","family":"Lovynska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory of Forestry, Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 49009 Dnipro, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7761-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bagher","family":"Bayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3015-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Bol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4600-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirin","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5547-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Rahmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7871-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7369-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svitlana","family":"Sytnyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forestry, Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 49009 Dnipro, Ukraine"},{"name":"Chemical Ecology Group, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2081-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Wiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Geoecology Group, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Zittau\/G\u00f6rlitz University of Applied Sciences, 02763 Zittau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1784-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-8570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Montzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raffa, C.M., Chiampo, F., and Shanthakumar, S. 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