{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:28:31Z","timestamp":1767986911039,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["42230604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230604"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Supercooled water in mixed-phase clouds plays a significant role in precipitation formation, atmospheric radiation, weather modification, and aircraft flight safety. Identifying supercooled water in mixed-phase clouds is a crucial-frontier scientific issue in atmospheric detection research. In this study, we propose a new algorithm for identifying supercooled water based on the multi-spectral peak characteristics in cloud radar power spectra, combined with radar reflectivity factor and mean Doppler velocity. Using microwave radiometer data, we conducted retrieval analyses on two stratocumulus cases in the spring over the northeastern Daxing\u2019anling region, China. The retrieval results show that the supercooled water in the spring stratocumulus clouds over the region is widespread, with liquid water content (LWC) ranging around 0.1 \u00b1 0.05 g\/m3, and particle sizes not exceeding 10 \u03bcm. The influence of updrafts on supercooled water is evident, with both showing good consistency in spatiotemporal variation trends. Comparing the liquid water path (LWP) variations retrieved from cloud radar and microwave radiometer, both showed good consistency in variation trends and high LWC areas, indicating the reliability of the identification algorithm developed in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T07:59:40Z","timestamp":1725263980000},"page":"3232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection and Retrieval of Supercooled Water in Stratocumulus Clouds over Northeastern China Using Millimeter-Wave Radar and Microwave Radiometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Xinghua","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hulunbuir Meteorological Bureau, Hailaer 021008, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hulunbuir Meteorological Bureau, Hailaer 021008, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genhe Meteorological Bureau, Genhe 022356, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00H34","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012384","article-title":"Occurrence, liquid water content, and fraction of supercooled water clouds from combined CALIOP\/IIR\/MODIS measurements","volume":"115","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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