{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1775225764163,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["62471384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471384"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["62271386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271386"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["61901357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901357"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["20230149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230149"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Science and Technology Association Youth Talent Lifting Program","award":["62471384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471384"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Science and Technology Association Youth Talent Lifting Program","award":["62271386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271386"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Science and Technology Association Youth Talent Lifting Program","award":["61901357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901357"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Science and Technology Association Youth Talent Lifting Program","award":["20230149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230149"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The thinned and sparse beamforming for semicircular FDAs were investigated, where the excitation amplitudes were also considered in thinned semicircular FDAs, and only the elements\u2019 positions were incorporated into the sparse semicircular FDA. Firstly, the transmit\u2013receive model was introduced to handle the inherent time-varying issue of FDA, followed by the thinned and sparse implementations successively. Note that three types of non-linearly varying frequency offsets (FO), i.e., log-FO, sin-FO, and tanh-FO, were adopted during the investigations. Under the same assumption that 50% of the elements should be saved, the sidelobe levels (SLLs) of the thinned semicircular -FDAs were reduced by 5.8 dB, 4.4 dB, and 4.4 dB, and the widths of the mainlobes were all widened by 3\u00b0 in their angle dimension. Compared with the thinned semicircular FDAs, the phenomenon of mainlobe widening was alleviated in the sparse semicircular FDAs where the SLLs were reduced by 2.2 dB, 3.7 dB and 3.5 dB, and the mainlobes\u2019 widths in the angle dimension were widened by 1\u00b0, 0\u00b0 and 1\u00b0, respectively. It should be highlighted that the sparse semicircular FDA with sin-FO did not broaden the mainlobe in the angle dimension. Therefore, it can be concluded that a sparse semicircular FDA is superior over a thinned semicircular FDA, since it can reduce the same cost with a higher array resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T04:06:41Z","timestamp":1725336401000},"page":"3262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Thinned and Sparse Beamforming for Semicircular FDAs in the Transmit\u2013Receive Domain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Network Convergence Communication, College of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Network Convergence Communication, College of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Network Convergence Communication, College of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Network Convergence Communication, College of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Antonik, P., Wicks, M.C., Griffiths, H.D., and Baker, C.J. (2006, January 24\u201327). Frequency Diverse Array Radars. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Conference on Radar, Verona, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3221027","article-title":"A Joint Array Parameters Design Method Based on FDA-MIMO Radar","volume":"59","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11111","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3270394","article-title":"Adaptive FDA Radar Transmit Power Allocation for Target Detection Enhancement in Clutter Environment","volume":"72","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Wang, Z., Xing, M., Zhang, S., and Wang, Y. (2022). Research on Multi-Domain Dimensionality Reduction Joint Adaptive Processing Method for Range Ambiguous Clutter of FDA-Phase-MIMO Space-Based Early Warning Radar. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215536"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Zhu, S., Xu, J., Lan, L., He, X., and Li, X. (2023). Cooperated Moving Target Detection Approach for PA-FDA Dual-Mode Radar in Range-Ambiguous Clutter. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030692"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7866","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2023.3298295","article-title":"Joint Range Angle and Velocity Estimation Method for FDA-MIMO Radar Under Clutter Background","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., Wang, C., Gong, J., Tan, M., and Liu, Y. (2023). Data-Independent Phase-Only Beamforming of FDA-MIMO Radar for Swarm Interference Suppression. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041159"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90449","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3305252","article-title":"A Novel FDA-MIMO Deceptive Jamming Method for Neutralizing Phased Array Radar","volume":"11","author":"Zaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Y., Zhang, Z., Chen, Z., Qiu, J., Ren, M., and Meng, X. (2022). A Novel Time-Domain Frequency Diverse Array HRWS Imaging Scheme for Spotlight SAR. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051085"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Song, Y., and Li, Y. (2022). Ultra-Wideband Imaging via Frequency Diverse Array with Low Sampling Rate. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051271"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C., Zhang, R., Huang, B., Xu, M., Wang, Z., Liu, L., Lu, Z., and Jin, Y. (2024). Moving-Target Detection for FDA-MIMO Radar in Partially Homogeneous Environments. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13050851"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8559","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3263939","article-title":"Distance-Angle Beamforming for Covert Communications via Frequency Diverse Array: Toward Two-Dimensional Covertness","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12889","DOI":"10.1049\/ell2.12889","article-title":"Beamforming for LEO Satellite Communication Based on FDA","volume":"59","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10876","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2993843","article-title":"Ambient Backscatter Communication with Frequency Diverse Array for Enhanced Channel Capacity and Detection Performance","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10133","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3254511","article-title":"Physical-Layer Security for Multi-User Communications with Frequency Diverse Array-Based Directional Modulation","volume":"72","author":"Jian","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Elevated Frequency Diversity Array: A Novel Approach to High Resolution and Wide Swath Imaging for Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3187386","article-title":"High-Resolution and Wide-Swath SAR Imaging with Sub-Band Frequency Diverse Array","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Introduced into SAR GMTI to Mitigate Blind Velocity and Doppler Ambiguity","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"2-D Moving Target Deception Against Multichannel SAR-GMTI Using Frequency Diverse Array","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2950454","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Spaceborne SAR Scattered-Wave Deception Jamming Using Frequency Diverse Array","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2368977","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Radar with Logarithmically Increasing Frequency Offset","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.32337","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array with Random Logarithmically Increasing Frequency Offset","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23270","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3298815","article-title":"Analysis of Cantor Multistage Frequency Offset FDA-MIMO Beampattern Performance","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2022.3187054","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Beampattern Synthesis with Random Permutated Power Increasing Frequency Offset","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2616193","article-title":"Transmit Beampattern Design in Range and Angle Domains for MIMO Frequency Diverse Array Radar","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.1800722","article-title":"Dot-Shaped Beamforming Analysis of Subarray-Based Sin-FDA","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Inf. Technol. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2017.1280623","article-title":"Elliptical Frequency Diverse Array Radars: Uniform and Non-Uniform Frequency Offsets","volume":"8","author":"Saeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.5501","article-title":"FDA Transmit Beampattern Synthesis Using Piecewise Trigonometric Frequency Offset","volume":"13","author":"Mahmood","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2714761","article-title":"Beam Pattern Synthesis for an FDA Radar with Hamming Window-Based Nonuniform Frequency Offset","volume":"16","author":"Basit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2020.3024710","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Beampattern Synthesis with Taylor Windowed Frequency Offsets","volume":"19","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERL19121005","article-title":"FDA Transmit Beamforming Synthesis Using Chebyshev Window Function Technique to Counteract Deceptive Electronic Countermeasures Signals","volume":"90","author":"Nusenu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PIER Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2023.3338647","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Beampattern Synthesis with Sinc- and Weighted-Sinc-Function-Based Frequency Offsets","volume":"72","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3223891","article-title":"Analysis of Frequency Offset Errors Through Interval Arithmetic in Frequency Diverse Arrays","volume":"59","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2584078","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Transmit Beampattern Optimization with Genetic Algorithm","volume":"16","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3096980","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Beampattern Synthesis with Modified Sinusoidal Frequency Offset","volume":"20","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13012","DOI":"10.1049\/ell2.13012","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Beampattern Synthesis Method with Low Sidelobes by Integrating Mayfly Algorithm and Convex Programming","volume":"59","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2023.3320150","article-title":"Optimal Function-Based Frequency Offset Design Based on Polynomial Fitting for Frequency Diverse Array Beampattern Synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"36","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Radar with Non-Uniform Array Spacing Based on Sigmoid Function","volume":"73","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2304720","article-title":"Nonuniform Frequency Diverse Array for Range-Angle Imaging of Targets","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Pei, C., Huang, P., Tan, W., and Gao, Z. (2024). Beampattern Synthesis and Optimization Method Based on Circular Frequency Diverse Array Engineering Model. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13091618"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3111792","article-title":"Range\u2013Angle Transceiver Beamforming Based on Semicircular-FDA Scheme","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2024.3375968","article-title":"ANN-Assisted Quasi-Time-Invariant Beamforming for Retrodirective Frequency Diverse Array","volume":"72","author":"Hei","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Deng, Z., Huang, P., Tan, W., and Gao, Z. (2023). Beampattern Synthesis and Optimization for Frequency Diverse Arc Array Based on the Virtual Element. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12102231"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Tian, Y., Huang, P., Tan, W., and Qi, Y. (2024). Frequency Diversity Arc Array with Angle-Distance Two-Dimensional Broadening Null Steering for Sidelobe Suppression. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13091640"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33890","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.33890","article-title":"Dot-shaped Transmit Beamforming with Nonuniform Time-modulated Concentric Circular Frequency Diverse Array","volume":"66","author":"Yesilyurt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2594075","article-title":"Frequency Diverse Array Antenna Using Time-Modulated Optimized Frequency Offset to Obtain Time-Invariant Spatial Fine Focusing Beampattern","volume":"64","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26279","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2772246","article-title":"Time-Invariant Angle-Range Dependent Directional Modulation Based on Time-Modulated Frequency Diverse Arrays","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6466","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2864325","article-title":"Corrections to \u201cRange-Angle-Dependent Beamforming of Pulsed-Frequency Diverse Array\u201d","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3016508","article-title":"Correction Analysis of Frequency Diverse Array Radar About Time","volume":"69","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2883873","article-title":"Low-Sidelobe Range-Angle Beamforming with FDA Using Multiple Parameter Optimization","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2628340","article-title":"Robust Adaptive Beamforming for Fast-Moving Target Detection with FDA-STAP Radar","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Huang, X., and Wang, A. (2023). Transmit\u2013Receive Sparse Synthesis of Linear Frequency Diverse Array in Range-Angle Space Using Genetic Algorithm. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063107"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2394785","article-title":"Adaptively Thinned Arrays","volume":"63","author":"Haupt","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"544","article-title":"Optimization of Antenna Array Pattern for Uniformly Excited Rectangular Array via a Thinning Method","volume":"34","author":"Agha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, X.L., Hu, T.Y., Li, L., Xiao, Z.L., and Rong, Y.J. (, January 21\u201325). Sparse Multi-Carrier Frequency Diverse Array Transmit Beampattern Optimization. Proceedings of the 2021 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIERS53385.2021.9695083"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2789979","article-title":"Optimization of Sparse Frequency Diverse Array with Time-Invariant Spatial-Focusing Beampattern","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2021.3128317","article-title":"Joint Optimization of Sparse FDAs for Time Invariant Transmit Beampattern Synthesis","volume":"29","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, X., Hu, T., Zhang, J., Li, L., Xiao, M., and Xiao, Z. (2022). Efficient Beampattern Synthesis for Sparse Frequency Diverse Array via Matrix Pencil Method. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031042"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122486","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3223104","article-title":"Synthesis of Wideband Thinned Eisenstein Fractile Antenna Arrays with Adaptive Beamforming Capability and Reduced Side-Lobes","volume":"10","author":"Eltrass","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.26866\/jees.2021.4.r.33","article-title":"Optimal Design of Thinned Array Using a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm","volume":"21","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.7716\/aem.v12i4.2303","article-title":"Thinned Smart Antenna of a Semi-Circular Dipole Array for Massive MIMO Systems","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Electromagn."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.58491\/2735-4202.3129","article-title":"Side Lobe Level Reduction and Array Thinning of Concentric Circular Antenna Arrays","volume":"49","author":"Nosier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mansoura Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3262\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:47:45Z","timestamp":1760111265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16173262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16173262","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]}}}