{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:38:11Z","timestamp":1781822291679,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["870349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["870349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101000518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DOORS","award":["870349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["870349"]}]},{"name":"DOORS","award":["101000518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000518"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["870349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["870349"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["101000518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000518"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water quality indicator algorithms often separate marine and freshwater systems, introducing artificial boundaries and artifacts in the freshwater to ocean continuum. Building upon the Ocean Colour- (OC) and Lakes Climate Change Initiative (CCI) projects, we propose an improved tool to assess the interactions across river\u2013sea transition zones. Fuzzy clustering methods are used to generate optical water types (OWT) representing spectrally distinct water reflectance classes, occurring within a given region and period (here 2016\u20132021), which are then utilized to assign membership values to every OWT class for each pixel and seamlessly blend optimal in-water algorithms across the region. This allows a more flexible representation of water provinces across transition zones than classic hard clustering techniques. Improvements deal with expanded sensor spectral band-sets, such as Sentinel-3 OLCI, and increased spatial resolution with Sentinel-2 MSI high-resolution data. Regional clustering was found to be necessary to capture site-specific characteristics, and a method was developed to compare and merge regional cluster sets into a pan-regional representative OWT set. Fuzzy clustering OWT timeseries data allow unique insights into optical regime changes within a lagoon, estuary, or delta system, and can be used as a basis to improve WQ algorithm performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T08:38:47Z","timestamp":1725352727000},"page":"3267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Framework for Regional to Global Extension of Optical Water Types for Remote Sensing of Optically Complex Transitional Water Bodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5434-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Atwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"Climate Services Group, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), 64295 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1947-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angus","family":"Laurenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9580-3129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bror F.","family":"J\u00f6nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"Ocean Process Analysis Lab, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7970-5211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Spyrakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Planetary Observation Sciences (EPOS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Planetary Observation Sciences (EPOS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Sent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Selmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Simis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Danne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brockmann Consult GmbH, 21029 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Planetary Observation Sciences (EPOS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Groom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.405","article-title":"Carbon and Carbonate Metabolism in Coastal Aquatic Ecosystems","volume":"29","author":"Gattuso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. 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