{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:35:17Z","timestamp":1773412517652,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41561024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41561024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An accurate assessment of the spatial\u2013temporal variations in regional net ecosystem productivity (NEP), water use efficiency (WUE), and carbon use efficiency (CUE) are vital for understanding the water\u2013carbon cycle. We analyzed the spatial\u2013temporal patterns of the NEP, WUE, and CUE in the middle reaches of the Yellow River (MRYR) from 2001 to 2022, and the factors that influenced them using remote sensing data, NEP estimation models, and various statistical methods. The results indicate that the recovery of the ecosystem in the MRYR is a result of the combined effects of climate change and human activities. Climate change in the MRYR led to warming and humidification from 2001 to 2022. The NEP, WUE, and CUE were characterized by increasing trends, with average growth rates of 7.75 gC m\u22122a\u22121, 0.012 gC m\u22122 mm\u22121a\u22121, and 0.009a\u22121, respectively. For four vegetation types, the interannual rates of change were, in descending order, grassland, cropland, shrubs, and forest. Spatially, the NEP, WUE, and CUE showed significant regional heterogeneity, increasing from the northwest to the southeast. Based on an analysis of the interannual anomalies, precipitation accumulation contributed to carbon sink accumulation. The correlation of the NEP, WUE, and CUE with the drought severity index (DSI) was high, and their correlation with precipitation showed latitudinal zonality, which suggests that precipitation (PRE) is the main climatic factor influencing the water\u2013carbon cycle in the MRYR rather than temperature (TEM). There were 67,671.27 km2 of land that changed use during 2001\u20132022, and 15.07 Tg of NEP was added to these areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1725603515000},"page":"3312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Spatial\u2013Temporal Variations in the Climate, Net Ecosystem Productivity, and Efficiency of Water and Carbon Use in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Qian-Qian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Zhuan-Ling","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Xue-Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5477.284","article-title":"Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth","volume":"289","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/00139150309604555","article-title":"Will The World Run Dry? 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