{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:32:53Z","timestamp":1761294773891,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFB3907501","2022YFB3902000","JCYJ-SHFY-2022-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3907501","2022YFB3902000","JCYJ-SHFY-2022-004"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research\u2013Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Branch","award":["2023YFB3907501","2022YFB3902000","JCYJ-SHFY-2022-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3907501","2022YFB3902000","JCYJ-SHFY-2022-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate on-orbit wavelength calibration of the spaceborne hyperspectral payload is the key to the quantitative analysis and application of observational data. Due to the high spectral resolution of general spaceborne hyperspectral greenhouse gas (GHG) detection instruments, the common Fraunhofer lines in the solar atmosphere can be used as a reference for on-orbit wavelength calibration. Based on the performances of a GHG detection instrument under development, this study simulated the instrument\u2019s solar-viewing measurement spectra and analyzed the main sources of errors in the on-orbit wavelength calibration method of the instrument using the solar Fraunhofer lines, including the Doppler shift correction error, the instrumental measurement error, and the peak-seek algorithm error. The calibration accuracy was independently calculated for 65 Fraunhofer lines within the spectral range of the instrument. The results show that the wavelength calibration accuracy is mainly affected by the asymmetry of the Fraunhofer lines and the random error associated with instrument measurement, and it can cause calibration errors of more than 1\/10 of the spectral resolution at maximum. A total of 49 Fraunhofer lines that meet the requirements for calibration accuracy were screened based on the design parameters of the instrument. Due to the uncertainty of simulation, the results in this study have inherent limitations, but provide valuable insights for quantitatively analyzing the errors of the on-orbit wavelength calibration method using the Fraunhofer lines, evaluating the influence of instrumental parameters on the calibration accuracy, and enhancing the accuracy of on-orbit wavelength calibration for similar GHG detection payloads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T02:34:49Z","timestamp":1726022089000},"page":"3367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On-Orbit Wavelength Calibration Error Analysis of the Spaceborne Hyperspectral Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Instrument Using the Solar Fraunhofer Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yulong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cailan","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}]},{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}]},{"given":"Yunmeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3269-2020","article-title":"Global Carbon Budget 2020","volume":"12","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28989-z","article-title":"Tropical methane emissions explain large fraction of recent changes in global atmospheric methane growth rate","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-021-03001-7","article-title":"Observations of greenhouse gases as climate indicators","volume":"165","author":"Bruhwiler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201324","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201324","article-title":"Nanostructured metal oxide semiconductor-based sensors for greenhouse gas detection: Progress and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Gautam","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam5776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5776","article-title":"Influence of El Nino on atmospheric CO over the tropical Pacific Ocean: Findings from NASA\u2019s OCO-2 mission","volume":"358","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.11834\/jrs.20210081","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of greenhouse gases: Progress and trends","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Remote Sens. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-299-2021","article-title":"Carbon Monitoring System Flux Net Biosphere Exchange 2020 (CMS-Flux NBE 2020)","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The interpretation of 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventory","volume":"37","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-5341-2007","article-title":"First direct observation of the atmospheric CO year-to-year increase from space","volume":"7","author":"Buchwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2009-041","article-title":"Global Concentrations of CO2 and CH4 Retrieved from GOSAT: First Preliminary Results","volume":"5","author":"Yokota","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sola"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-301-2015","article-title":"The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2): Spectrometer performance evaluation using pre-launch direct sun measurements","volume":"8","author":"Frankenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-2013-2021","article-title":"Thermal and near-infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier transform spectrometer-2 (TANSO-FTS-2) on the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite-2 (GOSAT-2) during its first year in orbit","volume":"14","author":"Suto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2018.08.004","article-title":"The TanSat mission: Preliminary global observations","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-2127-2021","article-title":"The GHGSat-D imaging spectrometer","volume":"14","author":"Jervis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.027","article-title":"TROPOMI on the ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor: A GMES mission for global observations of the atmospheric composition for climate, air quality and ozone layer applications","volume":"120","author":"Veefkind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0303002","DOI":"10.3788\/IRLA201948.0303002","article-title":"Greenhouse gases Monitoring Instrument (GMI) on GF-5 satellite (invited)","volume":"48","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.37188\/OPE.20202812.2573","article-title":"Detection of zero path difference position for FY-3D hyper-spectral infrared atmospheric sounder","volume":"28","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-687-2012","article-title":"The ACOS CO2 retrieval algorithm\u2014Part II: Global XCO2 data characterization","volume":"5","author":"Crisp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.000683","article-title":"Spectral calibration requirement for earth-looking imaging spectrometers in the solar-reflected spectrum","volume":"37","author":"Green","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S.Z., Cheng, L., Yang, H.C., Wang, Z.W., and Ding, L. (2023). Assessment of the Influence of Instrument Parameters on the Detection Accuracy of Greenhouse-Gases Absorption Spectrometer-2 (GAS-2). Atmosphere, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14091418"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-59-2017","article-title":"The on-orbit performance of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) instrument and its radiometrically calibrated products","volume":"10","author":"Crisp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"645","article-title":"TanSat ACGS On-orbit Wavelength Calibration Using the Solar Fraunhofer Lines","volume":"46","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.003652","article-title":"Method of calibration to correct for cloud-induced wavelength shifts in the Aura satellite\u2019s Ozone Monitoring Instrument","volume":"45","author":"Voors","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1647","article-title":"Effect of temperature on airborne imaging spectrometer optical properties","volume":"44","author":"Xian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santantonio, N., Bartoloni, A., Bini, A., Esposito, P.G., and Lorenzini, S. (2002). A Multi Parameter Retrieval Approach to HypSEO Spectral and Radiometric Calibration. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Proceedings of IGARSS 2002, Toronto, ON, Canada, 24\u201328 June 2002, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2002.1026758"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Y.L., He, T., Ren, F., and Huang, J. (2019). The On-orbit Calibration Method of Hyper-Spectral Fluorescence Imaging Spectrometer. Fifth Symposium on Novel Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Application, Xi\u2019an, China, 24\u201326 October 2018, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2521962"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"60","article-title":"High Precision On-board Calibration for Spaceborne Atmospheric Monitoring Spectrometer","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spacecr. Recovery Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3924","article-title":"Improved Methods for Spectral Calibration of On-Orbit Imaging Spectrometers","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sornig, M., Fischer, S., Chlebek, C., Muecke, M., Honold, H.P., and Heider, B. (2018). The Hyperspectral Instrument Onboard EnMAP, Overview and Current Status. International Conference on Space Optics-Icso 2018, Chiania, Greece, 9\u201312 October 2018, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2535926"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303006","DOI":"10.3788\/IRLA201948.0303006","article-title":"Method of in-flight wavelength calibration for wide band hyper-spectral imager","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2023.105835","article-title":"Fraunhofer line-based wavelength-calibration method without calibration targets for planetary lander instruments","volume":"240","author":"Mori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600821119","article-title":"MERIS in-flight spectral calibration","volume":"28","author":"Delwart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990341317030221","article-title":"The fraunhofer lines classifications by asymmetry changes inside the profiles in the spectrum of the Sun","volume":"72","author":"Mamedov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Astrophys. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heath, D.F., and Georgiev, G. (2012). A New Approach for Spectroradiometric Calibration Consistency on the Ground and in Space. Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development, Implementation, and Characterization, SPIE. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1117\/12.977252"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<1272:AMOAMF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Airborne measurements of air mass from OA-band absorption spectra","volume":"15","author":"Mitchell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.43.000914","article-title":"Sensitivity studies for space-based measurement of atmospheric total column carbon dioxide by reflected sunlight","volume":"43","author":"Mao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014298","article-title":"Spaceborne measurements of atmospheric CO by high-resolution NIR spectrometry of reflected sunlight: An introductory study: Art. no. 1716","volume":"29","author":"Kuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1086\/307258","article-title":"Calculation of solar irradiances. I. Synthesis of the solar spectrum","volume":"518","author":"Fontenla","year":"1999","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2010.01.036","article-title":"An improved high-resolution solar reference spectrum for earth\u2019s atmosphere measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared","volume":"111","author":"Chance","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055401","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ab0c6d","article-title":"Preflight radiometric calibration of a carbon dioxide spectrometer","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2829224","article-title":"Prelaunch Radiometric Calibration of the TanSat Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Grating Spectrometer","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:53:21Z","timestamp":1760111601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16183367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16183367","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]}}}