{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T16:33:59Z","timestamp":1780763639276,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42204030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42204030"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42204037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42204037"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202201BE070001-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201BE070001-035"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202301AU070062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AU070062"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["42204030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42204030"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["42204037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42204037"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202201BE070001-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201BE070001-035"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202301AU070062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AU070062"]}]},{"name":"Support Programme for Developing Yunnan Talents","award":["42204030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42204030"]}]},{"name":"Support Programme for Developing Yunnan Talents","award":["42204037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42204037"]}]},{"name":"Support Programme for Developing Yunnan Talents","award":["202201BE070001-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201BE070001-035"]}]},{"name":"Support Programme for Developing Yunnan Talents","award":["202301AU070062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AU070062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) generated by severe typhoons can facilitate the transfer of energy from the troposphere to the ionosphere, resulting in medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). However, the complex three-dimensional nature of MSTIDs over oceanic regions presents challenges for detection using ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks. This study employs a hybrid approach combining space-based and ground-based techniques to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of ionospheric perturbations during Typhoon Doksuri. Plane maps depict significant plasma fluctuations extending outward from the typhoon\u2019s gale wind zone on 24 July, reaching distances of up to 1800 km from the typhoon\u2019s center, while space weather conditions remained relatively calm. These ionospheric perturbations propagated at velocities between 173 m\/s and 337 m\/s, consistent with AGW features and associated propagation speeds. Vertical mapping reveals that energy originating from Typhoon Doksuri propagated upward through a 500 km layer, resulting in substantial enhancements of plasma density and temperature in the topside ionosphere. Notably, the topside horizontal density gradient was 1.5 to 2 times greater than that observed in the bottom-side ionosphere. Both modeling and observational data convincingly demonstrate that the weak background winds favored the generation of AGWs associated with Typhoon Doksuri, influencing the development of distinct MSTIDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T07:59:46Z","timestamp":1726041586000},"page":"3375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Morphological Features of Severe Ionospheric Weather Associated with Typhoon Doksuri in 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6526-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6071-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangsong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7297-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig M.","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1987.310829","article-title":"Ionospheric Time-Delay Algorithm for Single-Frequency GPS Users","volume":"3","author":"Klobuchar","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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