{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:41:20Z","timestamp":1771047680360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK\u2019s Public Weather Service","award":["78-CMEMS-TAC-SST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78-CMEMS-TAC-SST"]}]},{"name":"Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service","award":["78-CMEMS-TAC-SST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78-CMEMS-TAC-SST"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) onboard the Sentinel-3 satellites have been used in the Met Office\u2019s Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) since 2019 (Sentinel-3A SST data since March 2019 and Sentinel-3B data since December 2019). The impacts of using SLSTR SSTs and the SLSTR as the reference sensor for the bias correction of other satellite data have been assessed using independent Argo float data. Combining Sentinel-3A and -3B SLSTRs with two Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensors (onboard the joint NASA\/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-20 satellites) in the reference dataset has also been investigated. The results indicate that when using the SLSTR as the only reference satellite sensor, the OSTIA system becomes warmer overall, although there are mixed impacts in different parts of the global ocean. Using both the VIIRS and the SLSTR in the reference dataset leads to moderate but more consistent improvements globally. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) results also indicate a better performance when using both the VIIRS and the SLSTR in the reference dataset compared to only using the SLSTR at night. Combining the VIIRS and the SLSTR with latitudinal weighting shows the best validation results against Argo, but further investigation is required to refine this method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1726136127000},"page":"3396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Use of SLSTR Sea Surface Temperature Data in OSTIA as a Reference Sensor: Implementation and Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1423-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chongyuan","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9924-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0722-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Worsfold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Good, S., Fiedler, E., Mao, C., Martin, M.J., Maycock, A., Reid, R., Roberts-Jones, J., Searle, T., Waters, J., and While, J. (2020). The current configuration of the OSTIA system for operational production of foundation sea surface temperature and ice concentration analyses. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040720"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3644","article-title":"Improvements to feature resolution in the OSTIA sea surface temperature analysis using the NEMOVAR assimilation scheme","volume":"145","author":"Fiedler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3036","article-title":"An operational analysis system for the global diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature: Implementation and validation","volume":"143","author":"While","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.10.017","article-title":"The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) system","volume":"116","author":"Donlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHO560.1","article-title":"Determination of AATSR biases using the OSTIA SST analysis system and a matchup database","volume":"25","author":"Stark","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Nardelli, B.B., Pisano, A., and Tronconi, C. (2019). Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea Surface Temperature NRT Data, Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.024","article-title":"The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) Sentinel-3 mission","volume":"120","author":"Donlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-787-2016","article-title":"Core operational Sentinel-3 marine data product services as part of the Copernicus Space Component","volume":"12","author":"Bonekamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Merchant, C.J. (2024, September 09). (SLSTR) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. SLSTR-ATBD-L2SST-v2.5, October 2012; pp. 1\u201354. Available online: https:\/\/sentiwiki.copernicus.eu\/__attachments\/1672112\/SLSTR-ATBD-L2SST%20-%20Sentinel%203%20SLSTR%20Level%202%20Sea%20Surface%20Temperature%20ATBD%202012%20-%202.5.pdf?inst-v=c33646ba-3abf-49fb-a1eb-ee14eb9351c0."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"GHRSST Science Team (2024, September 09). The Recommended GHRSST Data Specification (GDS) 2.1, Version 0. Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/6984989."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-19-0161.1","article-title":"Nighttime cool skin effect observed from infrared SST autonomous radiometer (ISAR) and depth temperatures","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<0353:TIVOSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Toward improved validation of satellite sea surface skin temperature measurements for climate research","volume":"15","author":"Donlon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC000452","article-title":"Role of surface fluxes in ocean general circulation models using satellite sea surface temperature: Validation of and sensitivity to the forcing frequency of the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation","volume":"107","author":"Artale","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7139","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010053","article-title":"An integrated database of ocean temperature and salinity observations","volume":"119","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. Obs."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Atkinson, C., Corlett, G., and Merchant, C. (2024, September 09). Project: SST-CCI-Phase-II Title: SIRDS Reference Data. Available online: https:\/\/climate.esa.int\/media\/documents\/SST_CCI-SIRDS-UoL-001-Issue1-signed.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.015","article-title":"Intercomparison of long-term sea surface temperature analyses using the GHRSST Multi-Product Ensemble (GMPE) system","volume":"222","author":"Fiedler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Fiedler, E.K., Mao, C., and McLaren, A. (2015). SST: Results and Recommendations. Euro-Argo Improvements for the GMES Marine Service (E-AIMS), European Commission. Report number: D4.3.3."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"11235","article-title":"The seasonal vertical distribution of the Saharan Air Layer and its modulation by the wind","volume":"13","author":"Tsamalis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"9343","article-title":"Evaluation of IASI-derived dust aerosol characteristics over the tropical belt","volume":"14","author":"Capelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5048","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2232.1","article-title":"Impact of Saharan Dust on Tropical North Atlantic SST*","volume":"21","author":"Foltz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsamalis, C., and Saunders, R. (2018). Quality Assessment of Sea Surface Temperature from ATSRs of the Climate Change Initiative (Phase 1). Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040497"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/gdj3.20","article-title":"Sea surface temperature datasets for climate applications from Phase 1 of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (SST CCI)","volume":"1","author":"Merchant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Data J."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"SciPy (2024, September 09). scipy.interpolate.RegularGridInterpolator. Available online: https:\/\/docs.scipy.org\/doc\/scipy\/reference\/generated\/scipy.interpolate.RegularGridInterpolator.html."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"6065","article-title":"Characterisation of dust aerosols in the infrared from IASI and comparison with PARASOL, MODIS, MISR, CALIOP, and AERONET observations","volume":"13","author":"Peyridieu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF872.1","article-title":"NWP Grid Editing at the Met Office","volume":"20","author":"Carroll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-13-1007-2020","article-title":"An aerosol climatology for global models based on the tropospheric aerosol scheme in the Integrated Forecasting System of ECMWF","volume":"13","author":"Bozzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3396\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:54:56Z","timestamp":1760111696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16183396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16183396","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]}}}