{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T20:57:40Z","timestamp":1774645060398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001775","name":"University of Technology Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drought monitoring is a critical environmental challenge, particularly in regions where irrigated agricultural intensification and urban expansion pressure water resources. This study assesses the impact of these activities on drought dynamics in Morocco\u2019s Oum Er-Rbia (OER) watershed from 2002 to 2022, using the newly developed Watershed Integrated Multi-Drought Index (WIMDI), through Google Earth Engine (GEE). WIMDI integrates several drought indices, including SMCI, ESI, VCI, TVDI, SWI, PCI, and SVI, via a localized weighted averaging model (LOWA). Statistical validation against various drought-type indices including SPI, SDI, SEDI, and SMCI showed WIMDI\u2019s strong correlations (r-values up to 0.805) and lower RMSE, indicating superior accuracy. Spatiotemporal validation against aggregated drought indices such as VHI, VDSI, and SDCI, along with time-series analysis, confirmed WIMDI\u2019s robustness in capturing drought variability across the OER watershed. These results highlight WIMDI\u2019s potential as a reliable tool for effective drought monitoring and management across diverse ecosystems and climates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1726136127000},"page":"3398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Practices and Urban Expansion on Drought Dynamics Using a Multi-Drought Index Application Implemented in Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of the Oum Er-Rbia Watershed, Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Imane","family":"Serbouti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Urban Systems (CUS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Chenal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Urban Systems (CUS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"},{"name":"Urban and Regional Planning Community (CEAT), Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}]},{"given":"El Bachir","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Urban Systems (CUS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4903-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rida","family":"Azmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Urban Systems (CUS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Seyid Abdellahi Ebnou","family":"Abdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Urban Systems (CUS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2108-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meriem","family":"Adraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Urban Systems (CUS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-5386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Hlal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Urban Systems (CUS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0489-5529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariem","family":"Bounabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Urban Systems (CUS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Erian, W., Pulwarty, R., Vogt, J.V., AbuZeid, K., Bert, F., Bruntrup, M., El-Askary, H., de Estrada, M., Gaupp, F., and Grundy, M. 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