{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:06Z","timestamp":1760146026200,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Office of Naval Research Award","award":["#N00014-17-1-2468","#21(1121)\/20\/EMR-II","JA-7320-21-5203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#N00014-17-1-2468","#21(1121)\/20\/EMR-II","JA-7320-21-5203"]}]},{"name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)","award":["#N00014-17-1-2468","#21(1121)\/20\/EMR-II","JA-7320-21-5203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#N00014-17-1-2468","#21(1121)\/20\/EMR-II","JA-7320-21-5203"]}]},{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA","award":["#N00014-17-1-2468","#21(1121)\/20\/EMR-II","JA-7320-21-5203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#N00014-17-1-2468","#21(1121)\/20\/EMR-II","JA-7320-21-5203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We used NASA\u2019s high-resolution (1\/48\u00b0 or 2.3 km, hourly) Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) estimates of salinity at a 1 m depth from November 2011 to October 2012 to detect semi-diurnal and diurnal internal tides (ITs) in the Andaman Sea and determine their characteristics in three 2\u00b0 \u00d7 2\u00b0 boxes off the Myanmar coast (box A), central Andaman Sea (box B), and off the Thailand coast (box C). We also used observed salinity and temperature data for the above period at the BD12-moored buoy in the central Andaman Sea. ECCO salinity data were bandpass-filtered with 11\u201314 h and 22\u201326 h periods. Large variations in filtered ECCO salinity (~0.1 psu) in the boxes corresponded with near-surface imprints of propagating ITs. Observed data from the box B domain reveals strong salinity stratification (halocline) in the upper 40 m. Our analyses reveal that the shallow halocline affects the signatures of propagating semi-diurnal ITs reaching the surface, but diurnal ITs propagating in the halocline reach up to the surface and bring variability in ECCO salinity. In box A, the semi-diurnal IT characteristics are higher speeds (0.96 m\/s) with larger wavelengths (45 km), that are closer to theoretical mode 2 estimates, but the diurnal ITs propagating in the box A domain, with a possible source over the shelf of Gulf of Martaban, attain lower values (0.45 m\/s, 38 km). In box B, the propagation speed is lower (higher) for semi-diurnal (diurnal) ITs. Estimates for box C are closer to those for box A.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T06:39:16Z","timestamp":1726209556000},"page":"3408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of Internal Tides in ECCO Estimates of Sea Surface Salinity in the Andaman Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulusu","family":"Subrahmanyam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8188-6266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. S. N.","family":"Murty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Oceanography Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)\u2014National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Reginal Center, Visakhapatnam 530017, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9381-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]},{"given":"Corinne B.","family":"Trott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Hancock County, MS 39529, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/03091927208236082","article-title":"Space time scales of internal waves","volume":"3","author":"Garrett","year":"1972","journal-title":"Geophys. Fluid Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1029\/JC080i003p00291","article-title":"Space-time scales of internal waves: A progress report","volume":"80","author":"Garrett","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.11.010179.002011","article-title":"Internal Waves in the Ocean","volume":"11","author":"Garrett","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1029\/RG021i005p01206","article-title":"Internal Waves in the ocean: A review","volume":"21","author":"Levine","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-2692(02)80005-5","article-title":"Interaction of suspended cohesive sediment and turbulence","volume":"5","author":"Toorman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3844\/ajessp.2012.479.488","article-title":"General Circulation in the Malacca Strait and Andaman Sea: A Numerical Model Study","volume":"8","author":"Rizal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1126\/science.208.4443.451","article-title":"Internal solitons in the Andaman Sea","volume":"208","author":"Osborne","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barale, V., and Gade, M. (2019). Internal Waves in the Andaman Sea. Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94067-0"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-15-0055.1","article-title":"Internal waves and mixing near the Kerguelen Plateau","volume":"46","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Apel, J.R. (1987). Principles of Ocean Physics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1109\/48.611138","article-title":"An overview of the 1995 SWARM Shallow-water internal wave acoustic scattering experiment","volume":"22","author":"Apel","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Small, J., Hornby, B., Prior, M., and Scott, J. (2024, September 04). Internal Solitons in the Ocean: Prediction from SAR. British Crown Copyright. Available online: https:\/\/www.whoi.edu\/science\/aope\/people\/tduda\/isww\/text\/small\/jsmall.htm#:~:text=The%20SAR%20prediction%20method%20gives,to%20the%20following%20two%20factors%3A&text=The%20knowledge%20of%20water%20depth,is%20critically%20dependent%20on%20depth."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1695","article-title":"Tidally-modulated high frequency internal waves in Gautami-Godavari estuary, East Coast of India","volume":"43","author":"Sridevi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Geo-Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.03.010","article-title":"Investigation of the generation and propagation of low frequency internal waves: A case study for the east coast of India","volume":"88","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"52","article-title":"Internal solitons in the Andaman Sea: A new look at an old problem","volume":"9999","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2016","journal-title":"SPIE Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2747\/1548-1603.45.3.275","article-title":"Oceanographic Applications of SAR Remote Sensing","volume":"45","author":"Gens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2019.104710","article-title":"Numerical modelling of tidally generated internal wave radiation from the Andaman Sea into the Bay of Bengal","volume":"172","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6224","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC013852","article-title":"Energetics of semidiurnal internal tides in the Andaman Sea","volume":"123","author":"Mohanty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7705-8","article-title":"Potential generation sites of internal solitary waves and their propagation characteristics in the Andaman Sea\u2014A study based on MODIS true-colour and SAR observations","volume":"191","author":"Raju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-016-1006-3","article-title":"Internal waves over the shelf in the western Bay of Bengal: A case study","volume":"67","author":"Joshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ070i010p02319","article-title":"Large amplitude internal waves observed off the Northwestern coast of Sumatra","volume":"70","author":"Perry","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Wyrtki, K. (1961). Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters, The University of California. Naga Report 2."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7235","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3032885","article-title":"Seasonal and tidal variability of surface currents in the western Andaman Sea using HF Radars and Buoy Observations during 2016\u20132017","volume":"59","author":"Mandal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2013.781088","article-title":"Characteristics of Tides in the Bay of Bengal","volume":"36","author":"Sindhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-018-1136-x","article-title":"Sub-mesoscale features and their interaction with fronts and internal tides in a high-resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave model of the Bay of Bengal","volume":"68","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latrubesse, E.M., Park, E., and K\u00e4stner, K. (2012). The Ayeyarwady River (Myanmar): Washload transport and its global role among rivers in the Anthropocene. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251156"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subrahmanyam, B., Murty, V.S.N., and Hall, S.B. (2023). Characteristics of Internal Tides from ECCO Salinity Estimates and Observations in the Bay of Bengal. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143474"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02983-w","article-title":"Ocean submesoscales as a key component of the global heat budget","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"179","article-title":"Hydrography of the Andaman Sea during late winter. Indian","volume":"5","author":"Rameshbabu","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wall, M., Schmidt, G.M., Janjang, P., Khokiattiwong, S., and Richter, C. (2012). Differential impact of monsoon and large amplitude internal waves on coral reef development in the Andaman Sea. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050207"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1357\/002224092784797700","article-title":"Water characteristics, mixing and circulation in the Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon","volume":"50","author":"Murty","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6760","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC014938","article-title":"Observed upper ocean seasonal and intraseasonal variability in the Andaman Sea","volume":"124","author":"Ashin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical Oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea","volume":"34","author":"Varkey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JC018321","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC018321","article-title":"Investigation of internal tides variability in the Andaman Sea: Observations and simulations","volume":"127","author":"Yadidya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5334.1956","article-title":"Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings","volume":"277","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-3071-2015","article-title":"ECCO version 4: An integrated framework for non-linear inverse modeling and global ocean state estimation","volume":"8","author":"Forget","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ernst, P.A., Subrahmanyam, B., Trott, C.B., and Chaigneau, A. (2023). Characteristics of sub-mesoscale eddy structures within mesoscale eddies in the Gulf of Mexico from 1\/48\u00b0 ECCO estimates. Front. Mar. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1181676"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JC018551","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JC018551","article-title":"Near-surface oceanic kinetic energy distributions from drifter observations and numerical models","volume":"127","author":"Arbic","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L17714","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027086","article-title":"Assessment of composite global sampling: Sea surface wind speed","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.053","article-title":"Interannual anomalies of SMOS sea surface salinity","volume":"180","author":"Boutin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2266915","article-title":"L-Band Passive and Active Microwave Geophysical Model Functions of Ocean Surface Winds and Applications to Aquarius Retrieval","volume":"51","author":"Yueh","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2608.1","article-title":"RAMA: The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction","volume":"90","author":"McPhaden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1166","article-title":"In situ ocean subsurface time-series measurements from OMNI buoy network in the Bay of Bengal","volume":"104","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"45","article-title":"Two decades of operating the Indian moored buoy network: Significance and impact","volume":"9","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oper. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74304","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3189784","article-title":"Enhanced Sea Surface Salinity estimates using Machine-Learning algorithm with SMAP and High-Resolution Buoy data","volume":"10","author":"Kesavakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"330","article-title":"Hydrodynamics and radar signatures of internal solitons in the Andaman Sea","volume":"6","author":"Apel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3016","article-title":"Scale interaction during an extreme rain event over southeast India","volume":"143","author":"Krishnamurti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015891","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015891","article-title":"Monitoring Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Indian Ocean Using Satellite Observations","volume":"125","author":"Subrahmanyam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7057","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL078662","article-title":"Detection of Intraseasonal Oscillations in SMAP salinity in the Bay of Bengal","volume":"45","author":"Subrahmanyam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e920","DOI":"10.1002\/asl.920","article-title":"Detection of intraseasonal oscillations in the Bay of Bengal using altimetry","volume":"20","author":"Trott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, S., Kim, D.J., Lee, S.W., Kim, B.G., Kang, K.M., and Cho, Y.K. (2018). Nonlinear internal wave spirals in the northern East China Sea. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21461-3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2019.102240","article-title":"Near-inertial internal waves and multiple-inertial oscillations trapped by negative vorticity anomaly in the central Sea of Japan","volume":"181","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2017.2688131","article-title":"Dynamic state estimation with Model uncertainties using H-infinity Extended Kalman Filter","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-11-561-2004","article-title":"Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.H. (1983). Sampling Theory and Wave Propagation. Issues in Acoustic Signal\u2014Image Processing and Recognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-82002-1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A practical guide to wavelet analysis","volume":"79","author":"Torrence","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s41976-018-0007-z","article-title":"Influence of ENSO Events on the Agulhas Leakage Region","volume":"1","author":"Paris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trott, C.B., Subrahmanyam, B., and Washburn, C. (2021). Investigating the Response of Temperature and Salinity in the Agulhas Current Region to ENSO Events. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091829"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Hayes, M.H. (1996). Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modeling, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Stoica, P., and Moses, R.L. (2005). Spectral Analysis of Signals, Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001433816090073","article-title":"Spectral characteristics of Rossby waves in the Northwestern Pacific based on satellite altimetry","volume":"52","author":"Belonenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-20-0063.1","article-title":"Rossby and Yanai Modes of Tropical Instability Waves in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean and a Diagnostic Model for Surface Currents","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20245","article-title":"Observed intraseasonal thermocline variability in the Bay of Bengal","volume":"118","author":"Girishkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1","article-title":"General Circulation and Principal Wave Modes in Andaman Sea from Observations","volume":"10","author":"Kiran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Qiu, Y., Hu, J., Aung, C., Lin, X., and Dong, Y. (2020). Springtime Upwelling and Its Formation Mechanism in Coastal Waters of Manaung Island, Myanmar. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223777"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-20-0310.1","article-title":"Internal Solitary Waves in the Andaman Sea Revealed by Long-Term Mooring Observations","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3354\/meps274069","article-title":"Hydrography, bacteria and protist communities across the continental shelf and shelf slope of the Andaman Sea (NE Indian Ocean)","volume":"274","author":"Nielsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-19-0182.1","article-title":"Numerical Investigation of Bidirectional Mode-1 and Mode-2 Internal Solitary Wave generation from north and south of Batti Malv Island, Nicobar Islands, India","volume":"51","author":"Raju","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Gong, Y., Wang, Z., and Yuan, C. (2022). Numerical simulations of generation and propagation of internal tides in the Andaman Sea. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1047690"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Q., Wang, Q., Chen, L., Diao, Y., Xiong, X., Sun, J., and Lv, X. (2023). Observation of near-inertial waves in the wake of four typhoons in the northern South China Sea. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29377-3"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8720","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015319","article-title":"Modeling of internal tides in the western Bay of Bengal: Characteristics and energetics","volume":"124","author":"Jithin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3408\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:55:32Z","timestamp":1760111732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16183408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16183408","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]}}}