{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T09:08:01Z","timestamp":1765357681484,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrological Ecosystem Services (HES) are crucial components of environmental sustainability and provide indispensable benefits. The present study identifies critical hot and cold spots areas of HES in the Aglar watershed of the Indian Himalayan Region using six HES descriptors, namely water yield (WYLD), crop yield factor (CYF), sediment yield (SYLD), base flow (LATQ), surface runoff (SURFQ), and total water retention (TWR). The analysis was conducted using weightage-based approaches under two methods: (1) evaluating six HES descriptors individually and (2) grouping them into broad ecosystem service categories. Furthermore, the study assessed pixel-level uncertainties that arose because of the distinctive methods used in the identification of hot and cold spots. The associated synergies and trade-offs among HES descriptors were examined too. From method 1, 0.26% area of the watershed was classified as cold spots and 3.18% as hot spots, whereas method 2 classified 2.42% area as cold spots and 2.36% as hot spots. Pixel-level uncertainties showed that 0.57 km2 and 6.86 km2 of the watershed were consistently under cold and hot spots, respectively, using method 1, whereas method 2 identified 2.30 km2 and 6.97 km2 as cold spots and hot spots, respectively. The spatial analysis of hot spots showed consistent patterns in certain parts of the watershed, primarily in the south to southwest region, while cold spots were mainly found on the eastern side. Upon analyzing HES descriptors within broad ecosystem service categories, hot spots were mainly in the southern part, and cold spots were scattered throughout the watershed, especially in agricultural and scrubland areas. The significant synergistic relation between LATQ and WYLD, and sediment retention and WYLD and trade-offs between SURFQ and HES descriptors like WYLD, LATQ, sediment retention, and TWR was attributed to varying factors such as land use and topography impacting the water balance components in the watershed. The findings underscore the critical need for targeted conservation efforts to maintain the ecologically sensitive regions at watershed scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T07:30:35Z","timestamp":1726212635000},"page":"3409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identifying Conservation Priority Areas of Hydrological Ecosystem Service Using Hot and Cold Spot Analysis at Watershed Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Srishti","family":"Gwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India"}]},{"given":"Dipaka Ranjan","family":"Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Water Resources Management, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), New Delhi 110012, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashant K.","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8402-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjeev K.","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science Technology and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs 4556, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Falkenmark, M. (2007). Good Ecosystem Governance: Balancing Ecosystems and Social Needs. Governance as a Trialogue: Government-Society-Science in Transition, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141174","article-title":"Harvesting resilience: Tribal home-gardens as socio-ecological solutions for climate change adaptation and sustainable development in a protected area","volume":"445","author":"Mallick","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.01.034","article-title":"Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to model ecosystem services: A systematic review","volume":"535","author":"Francesconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109827","article-title":"Exploring the driving factors of trade-offs and synergies among ecological functional zones based on ecosystem service bundles","volume":"146","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.06.023","article-title":"Fostering synergies between ecosystem services and biodiversity in conservation planning: A review","volume":"166","author":"Darveau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/21513732.2011.646303","article-title":"Stakeholders\u2019 expectations on ecosystem services affect the assessment of ecosystem services hotspots and their congruence with biodiversity","volume":"8","author":"Gos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0258-5","article-title":"Spatial prioritisation for conserving ecosystem services: Comparing hotspots with heuristic optimisation","volume":"31","author":"Remme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109700","article-title":"Comparing participatory mapping and a spatial biophysical assessment of ecosystem service cold spots in agricultural landscapes","volume":"145","author":"Schwartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2014.10.007","article-title":"Empirical PPGIS\/PGIS mapping of ecosystem services: A review and evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.106128","article-title":"Developing a novel approach integrating ecosystem services and biodiversity for identifying priority ecological reserves","volume":"179","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12149","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310539110","article-title":"Spatial interactions among ecosystem services in an urbanizing agricultural watershed","volume":"110","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-016-0430-6","article-title":"Evaluating alternative methods for biophysical and cultural ecosystem services hotspot mapping in natural resource planning","volume":"32","author":"Bagstad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104500","article-title":"Planning for green infrastructure using multiple urban ecosystem service models and multicriteria analysis","volume":"226","author":"Lourdes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Raymond, C., and Curtis, A. (2013). Mapping Community Values for Regional Sustainability in the Lower Hunter Region, University of Tasmania."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.06.008","article-title":"Mapping outdoor recreationists\u2019 perceived social values for ecosystem services at Hinchinbrook Island National Park, Australia","volume":"35","author":"Kyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-014-0601-0","article-title":"Mapping bundles of ecosystem services reveals distinct types of multifunctionality within a Swedish landscape","volume":"44","author":"Queiroz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.12.013","article-title":"Assessing, mapping, and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at community level","volume":"33","author":"Plieninger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.10.010","article-title":"Co-benefits and trade-offs between biodiversity, carbon storage and water flow regulation","volume":"289","author":"Onaindia","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.10.020","article-title":"Community mapping of ecosystem services in tropical rainforest of Ecuador","volume":"73","author":"Konold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"495","article-title":"Congruencias espaciales entre biodiversidad y servicios ecosist\u00e9micos en un paisaje forestal en el sur de Chile: Bases para la planificaci\u00f3n de la conservaci\u00f3n","volume":"38","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bosque"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3097\/LO.200915","article-title":"Landscapes\u2019 capacities to provide ecosystem services-A concept for land-cover based assessments","volume":"15","author":"Burkhard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Online"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109143","article-title":"From simple to complex\u2013comparing four modelling tools for quantifying hydrologic ecosystem services","volume":"141","author":"Decsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-017-1400-x","article-title":"Mapping the hotspots and coldspots of ecosystem services in conservation priority setting","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-010-0766-3","article-title":"Double counting in ecosystem services valuation: Causes and countermeasures","volume":"26","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.32.031306.102758","article-title":"The nature and value of ecosystem services: An overview highlighting hydrologic services","volume":"32","author":"Brauman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2023.102335","article-title":"Geospatial modeling of hydrological ecosystem services in an ungauged upper Yamuna catchment using SWAT","volume":"78","author":"Gwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"TEEB, R.O. (2010). Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature, TEEB."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Haines-Young, R., and Potschin, M. (2012). Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services, Centre for Environmental Management, University of Nottingham."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.06.019","article-title":"Mapping ecosystem service supply, demand and budgets","volume":"21","author":"Burkhard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Egoh, B., Drakou, E.G., Dunbar, M.B., Maes, J., and Willemen, L. (2012). Indicators for Mapping Ecosystem Services: A Review, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.06.050","article-title":"Water-related ecosystem services in Western Siberian lowland basins\u2014Analysing and mapping spatial and seasonal effects on regulating services based on ecohydrological modelling results","volume":"71","author":"Schmalz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mokondoko, P., Manson, R.H., and Jim\u00e9nez, L.C. (2018). Mapping and Monitoring of Ecosystem Services in Central Veracruz, Mexico, to Strengthen Payments for Ecosystem Services and Promote Integrated Watersheds Management, Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda A.C."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanidis, S., Proutsos, N., Alexandridis, V., and Mallinis, G. (2024). Ecosystem Services Supply from Peri-Urban Watersheds in Greece: Soil Conservation and Water Retention. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13060765"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106089","article-title":"Comparison of the SWAT and InVEST models to determine hydrological ecosystem service spatial patterns, priorities and trade-offs in a complex basin","volume":"112","author":"Cong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2013.07.019","article-title":"Modelling crop evapotranspiration and potential impacts on future water availability in the Indo-Gangetic Basin","volume":"129","author":"Pandeya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5357","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-5357-2018","article-title":"Spatio-temporal assessment of annual water balance models for upper Ganga Basin","volume":"22","author":"Shukla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan, M.S., and Ojha, C.S.P. (2021). Applicability of the InVEST Model for Estimating Water Yield in Upper Ganga Basin. The Ganga River Basin: A Hydrometeorological Approach, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60869-9"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-020-00275-8","article-title":"Hydrological functioning of forested catchments, central Himalayan region, India","volume":"7","author":"Qazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aznarez, C., Jimeno-S\u00e1ez, P., L\u00f3pez-Ballesteros, A., Pacheco, J.P., and Senent-Aparicio, J. (2021). Analysing the impact of climate change on hydrological ecosystem services in Laguna del Sauce (Uruguay) using the SWAT model and remote sensing data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13102014"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-11902-6","article-title":"Spatial characterization of forest ecosystem services and human-induced complexities in Himalayan biodiversity hotspot area","volume":"195","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-020-02795-2","article-title":"Enhancing production and flow of freshwater ecosystem services in a managed Himalayan river system under uncertain future climate","volume":"162","author":"Momblanch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012013","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1020\/1\/012013","article-title":"Hydrological significance of Himalayan surface water and its management considering anthropogenic and climate change aspects","volume":"1020","author":"Lepcha","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimri, A., Bookhagen, B., Stoffel, M., and Yasunari, T. (2020). Hydrology of the Himalayas. Himalayan Weather and Climate and Their Impact on the Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29684-1"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Champion, H.G., and Seth, S.K. (1968). A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India, Manager of Publications."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x","article-title":"Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: Model development","volume":"34","author":"Arnold","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1975.tb01817.x","article-title":"Sediment routing for agricultural watersheds","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Neitsch, S.L., Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R., and Williams, J.R. (2011). Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2009, Texas Water Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2003.09.028","article-title":"Regionalisation of catchment model parameters","volume":"287","author":"Merz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-9-157-2005","article-title":"A comparison of regionalisation methods for catchment model parameters","volume":"9","author":"Parajka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-017-0328-6","article-title":"Hydrological modelling of ungauged urban watershed using SWAT model","volume":"3","author":"Sisay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.10.036","article-title":"An integrated map correlation method and multiple-source sites drainage-area ratio method for estimating streamflows at ungauged catchments: A case study of the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey","volume":"166","author":"Ergen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.07.042","article-title":"Modelling ungauged catchments using the catchment runoff response similarity","volume":"564","author":"Tegegne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.23153","article-title":"Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations","volume":"50","author":"Moriasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paudyal, K., Samsudin, Y.B., Baral, H., Okarda, B., Phuong, V.T., Paudel, S., and Keenan, R.J. (2020). Spatial assessment of ecosystem services from planted forests in central Vietnam. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11080822"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2047","article-title":"A method of classifying regions from multivariate data","volume":"17","author":"Iyengar","year":"1982","journal-title":"Econ. Political Wkly."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Saaty, T. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Decision Making, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2021.101310","article-title":"Potential distribution of oak forests in the central Himalayas and implications for future ecosystem services supply to rural communities","volume":"50","author":"Naudiyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tfp.2022.100222","article-title":"Trees, forests and people: The Central Himalayan case of forest ecosystem services","volume":"8","author":"Negi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trees For. People"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1890\/080023","article-title":"Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/21513732.2018.1526214","article-title":"Assessing ecosystem services and biodiversity tradeoffs across agricultural landscapes in a mountain region","volume":"14","author":"Geneletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-023-01916-8","article-title":"Land cover implications on ecosystem service delivery: A multi-scenario study of trade-offs and synergies in river basins","volume":"73","author":"Padilha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-04853-170322","article-title":"Synergies, trade-offs, and losses of ecosystem services in urban regions: An integrated multiscale framework applied to the Leipzig-Halle Region, Germany","volume":"17","author":"Haase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2022.101739","article-title":"Comparative analysis between AHP and ANP in prioritization of ecosystem services\u2014A case study in a rice field area raised in the Guadalquivir marshes (Spain)","volume":"70","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2002.250507.x","article-title":"Illustrations and guidelines for selecting statistical methods for quantifying spatial pattern in ecological data","volume":"25","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12502","article-title":"Assessing bundles of ecosystem services from regional to landscape scale: Insights from the French A lps","volume":"52","author":"Crouzat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105446","article-title":"Understanding trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services to support the decision-making in the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei region","volume":"106","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.12.027","article-title":"Tradeoffs\/synergies of multiple ecosystem services based on land use simulation in a mountain-basin area, western China","volume":"99","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00483-w","article-title":"Natural forest growth and human induced ecosystem disturbance influence water yield in forests","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2009.10.007","article-title":"Watershed services of tropical forests: From hydrology to economic valuation to integrated analysis","volume":"1","author":"Lele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2017.1308637","article-title":"Impact of forest degradation on streamflow regime and runoff response to rainfall in the Garhwal Himalaya, Northwest India","volume":"62","author":"Qazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3409\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:55:42Z","timestamp":1760111742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16183409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16183409","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]}}}