{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T14:37:17Z","timestamp":1770647837698,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41906025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906025"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023C41020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C41020"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Project of Zhoushan","award":["41906025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906025"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Project of Zhoushan","award":["2023C41020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C41020"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","award":["41906025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906025"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","award":["2023C41020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C41020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-resolution (2 km) high-frequency (hourly) SST data from 2015 to 2021 provided by the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard the Japanese Himawari-8 geostationary satellite were used to study spatial and temporal variability of the China Coastal Front (CCF) in the South China Sea. The SST data were processed with the Belkin and O\u2019Reilly (2009) algorithm to generate monthly maps of the CCF\u2019s intensity (defined as SST gradient magnitude GM) and frontal frequency (FF). The horizontal structure of the CCF was investigated from cross-frontal distributions of SST along 11 fixed lines that allowed us to determine inshore and offshore boundaries of the CCF and calculate the CCF\u2019s strength (defined as total cross-frontal step of SST). Combined with the results of Part 1 of this study, where the CCF was documented in the East China Sea, the new results reported in this paper allowed the CCF to be traced from the Yangtze Bank to Hainan Island. The CCF is continuous in winter, when its intensity peaks at 0.15 \u00b0C\/km (based on monthly data). In summer, when the Guangdong Coastal Current reverses and flows eastward, the CCF\u2019s intensity is reduced to 0.05 \u00b0C\/km or less, especially off western Guangdong, where the CCF vanishes almost completely. Owing to its breadth (50\u2013100 km, up to 200 km in the Taiwan Strait), the CCF is a very strong front, especially in winter, when the total SST step across the CCF peaks at 9 \u00b0C in the Taiwan Strait. The CCF\u2019s strength decreases westward to 6 \u00b0C off eastern Guangdong, 5 \u00b0C off western Guangdong, and 2 \u00b0C off Hainan Island, all in mid-winter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1726484217000},"page":"3415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The China Coastal Front from Himawari-8 AHI SST Data\u2014Part 2: South China Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9313-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor M.","family":"Belkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}]},{"given":"Shang-Shang","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}]},{"given":"Yi-Tao","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8931-4975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Bin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2004.06.005","article-title":"Overview of the South China Sea circulation and its influence on the coastal physical oceanography outside the Pearl River Estuary","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-017-9152-y","article-title":"Progress on shelf and slope circulation in the northern South China Sea","volume":"61","author":"Shu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belkin, I.M., Lou, S.S., and Yin, W.B. (2023). The China Coastal Front from Himawari-8 AHI SST Data\u2014Part 1: East China Sea. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202301.0147.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, X.T., and Belkin, I.M. (2023). Observational studies of ocean fronts: A systematic review of Chinese-language literature. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1128.v1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2008.10.016","article-title":"An algorithm for oceanic front detection in chlorophyll and SST satellite imagery","volume":"78","author":"Belkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1992)009<0067:EDAFSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Edge detection algorithm for SST images","volume":"9","author":"Cayula","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009531","article-title":"Wind-driven variability in sea surface temperature front distribution in the California Current System","volume":"119","author":"Castelao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-010-3060-x","article-title":"Analysis of sea surface temperature fronts in the Taiwan Strait and its adjacent area using an advanced edge detection method","volume":"53","author":"Pi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.05.018","article-title":"Application of an edge detection method to satellite images for distinguishing sea surface temperature fronts near the Japanese coast","volume":"98","author":"Shimada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2020.106793","article-title":"Distribution and variability of sea surface temperature fronts in the South China Sea","volume":"240","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","article-title":"A computational approach to edge detection","volume":"8","author":"Canny","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010379","article-title":"Seasonal variability of alongshore winds and sea surface temperature fronts in Eastern Boundary Current Systems","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2023.113627","article-title":"An improved algorithm for detecting mesoscale ocean fronts from satellite observations: Detailed mapping of persistent fronts around the China Seas and their long-term trends","volume":"294","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"90","article-title":"SST fronts of the Pacific coastal and marginal seas","volume":"1","author":"Belkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pac. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"21","article-title":"Fronts in the World Ocean\u2019s Large Marine Ecosystems","volume":"500","author":"Belkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"ICES CM"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2009.04.015","article-title":"Fronts in Large Marine Ecosystems","volume":"81","author":"Belkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23603","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027415","article-title":"Wintertime sea surface temperature fronts in the Taiwan Strait","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6249","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802175462","article-title":"Wintertime high-resolution features of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a fields associated with oceanic fronts in the southern East China Sea","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.485146","article-title":"Fine-scale sea surface temperature fronts in wintertime in the northern South China Sea","volume":"31","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.Y., and Hu, Z.F. (2023). Seasonal variability in spatial patterns of sea surface cold- and warm fronts over the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1100772"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dynatmoce.2020.101161","article-title":"Submesoscale fronts observed by satellites over the Northern South China Sea shelf","volume":"91","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dyn. Atmos. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010601","article-title":"Summer upwelling and thermal fronts in the northwestern South China Sea: Observational analysis of two mesoscale mapping surveys","volume":"120","author":"Jing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011222","article-title":"Seasonal thermal fronts on the northern South China Sea shelf: Satellite measurements and three repeated field surveys","volume":"121","author":"Jing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2009.01.015","article-title":"Summertime sea surface temperature fronts associated with upwelling around the Taiwan Bank","volume":"29","author":"Lan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2014.03.021","article-title":"Seasonal evolution of fine-scale sea surface temperature fronts in the East China Sea","volume":"119","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part II"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-015-4356-7","article-title":"Application of a sea surface temperature front composite algorithm in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas","volume":"34","author":"Ping","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-20-0118.1","article-title":"Detection of SST fronts from a high-resolution model and its preliminary results in the South China Sea","volume":"38","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2013.12.018","article-title":"Seasonal variability in coastal fronts and its influence on sea surface wind in the Northern South China Sea","volume":"119","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part II"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013306","article-title":"Seasonal variability of thermal fronts in the Northern South China Sea from satellite data","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"65","article-title":"Ichthyoplankton community associated with oceanic fronts in early winter on the continental shelf of the southern East China Sea","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1407053","article-title":"Satellite observation of the winter variation of sea surface temperature fronts in relation to the spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton in the continental shelf of the southern East China Sea","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.Y., and Ye, H.B. (2021). The features of the coastal fronts in the Eastern Guangdong coastal waters during the downwelling-favorable wind period. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89649-8"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-019-1416-4","article-title":"Trends of sea surface temperature and sea surface temperature fronts in the South China Sea during 2003\u20132017","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.916443","article-title":"East Hainan upwelling fronts detected by remote sensing and modelled in summer","volume":"35","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.2021.1958741","article-title":"Dynamic characteristics of a submesoscale front and associated heat fluxes over the northeastern South China Sea shelf","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-021-1739-9","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the three-dimensional structures of coastal thermal front off western Guangdong","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L.H., Yang, D.T., Zhong, R., and Yin, X.Q. (2022). Interannual, seasonal, and monthly variability of sea surface temperature fronts in offshore China from 1982\u20132021. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215336"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1995)012<0821:MIEDFS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Multi-image edge detection for SST images","volume":"12","author":"Cayula","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011223","article-title":"Climatology and seasonal variability of ocean fronts in the East China, Yellow and Bohai Seas from satellite SST data","volume":"27","author":"Hickox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z.Z., Fagherazzi, S., Liu, X.H., Shao, D.D., Miao, C.Y., Cai, Y.Z., Hou, C.Y., Liu, Y.L., and Li Xia Cui, B.S. (2022). Long-term variations in water discharge and sediment load of the Pearl River Estuary: Implications for sustainable development of the Greater Bay Area. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.983517"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-011-0033-4","article-title":"Currents in the Taiwan Strait as observed by surface drifters","volume":"67","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, T.H., Chen, C.T.A., Bai, Y., and He, X.Q. (2020). Elevated primary productivity triggered by mixing in the quasi-cul-de-sac Taiwan Strait during the NE monsoon. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64580-6"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-21-0498.1","article-title":"Effects of spatial scale modification on the responses of surface wind stress to the thermal front in the northern South China Sea","volume":"35","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2004.06.006","article-title":"Seasonal variation and dynamics of the Pearl River plume","volume":"24","author":"Dong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2013.12.010","article-title":"A numerical study of coupled estuary\u2013shelf circulation around the Pearl River Estuary during summer: Responses to variable winds, tides and river discharge","volume":"117","author":"Zu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep.-Sea Res. Part II"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23459","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900133","article-title":"Satellite-derived sea surface temperature fronts on the continental shelf off the northeast U.S. coast","volume":"104","author":"Ullman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(00)00107-2","article-title":"Continental shelf surface thermal fronts in winter off the northeast US coast","volume":"21","author":"Ullman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2016-009","article-title":"An introduction to Himawari-8\/9\u2014Japan\u2019s new-generation geostationary meteorological satellites","volume":"94","author":"Bessho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2002)032<0103:TROQSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The role of Qiongzhou Strait in the seasonal variation of the South China Sea circulation","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JC018065","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC018065","article-title":"Quantification of the seasonal intrusion of water masses and their impact on nutrients in the Beibu Gulf using dual water isotopes","volume":"127","author":"Lao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.5194\/os-19-469-2023","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms for chlorophyll a concentration variations in coastal upwelling regions: A case study east of Hainan Island in the South China Sea","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"42","article-title":"3D structure and seasonal variation of temperature fronts in the shelf sea west of Guangdong","volume":"45","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haiyang Xuebao"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhi, H.H., Wu, H., Wu, J.X., Zhang, W.X., and Wang, Y.H. (2022). River plume rooted on the sea-floor: Seasonal and spring-neap variability of the Pearl River plume front. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.791948"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-019-1425-3","article-title":"Wintertime Guangdong coastal currents successfully captured by cheap GPS drifters","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.55.5.7","article-title":"Surface currents along the coast of the Chinese Mainland observed by coastal drifters in autumn and winter","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Technol. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.57.1.16","article-title":"Surface currents along the coast of the Chinese Mainland observed by coastal drifters during April\u2013May 2019","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Technol. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011000","article-title":"Dynamics of wind-driven upwelling off the northeastern coast of Hainan Island","volume":"121","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC016016","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC016016","article-title":"Tidal effects on the surface water cooling northeast of Hainan Island, South China Sea","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2020.106820","article-title":"Effect of topography on the cold water region in the east entrance area of Qiongzhou Strait","volume":"242","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, W.A., Huang, Z., and Hu, J.Y. (2021). Using TPI to map spatial and temporal variations of significant coastal upwelling in the northern South China Sea. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061065"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000505","article-title":"Progress on upwelling studies in the China seas","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X.L., and Zhang, Y. (2018). Coastal upwelling off the China coasts. Coastal Environment, Disaster, and Infrastructure: A Case Study of China\u2019s Coastline, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.79950"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4452","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.916454","article-title":"Summertime sea surface temperature and salinity fronts in the southern Taiwan Strait","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10652-009-9146-3","article-title":"Dynamics of the buoyant plume off the Pearl River Estuary in summer","volume":"9","author":"Ou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2014.03.005","article-title":"On the role of wind and tide in generating variability of Pearl River plume during summer in a coupled wide estuary and shelf system","volume":"136","author":"Zu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z.F., Xie, G.H., Zhao, J., Lei, Y.P., Xie, J.C., and Pang, W.H. (2022). Mapping diurnal variability of the wintertime Pearl River plume front from Himawari-8 geostationary satellite observations. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14010043"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2007.04.003","article-title":"Recent changes of water discharge and sediment load in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) basin, China","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026071","article-title":"Ship observations and numerical simulation of the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the spring oceanic front in the northwestern South China Sea","volume":"122","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:56:21Z","timestamp":1760111781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16183415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16183415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]}}}