{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:30:14Z","timestamp":1773855014013,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFB2604001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2604001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42371460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371460"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["U22A20565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20565"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42171355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171355"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1671"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["ZR2021MD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MD082"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFB2604001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2604001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42371460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371460"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U22A20565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20565"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42171355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171355"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1671"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2021MD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MD082"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing","award":["2023YFB2604001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2604001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing","award":["42371460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371460"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing","award":["U22A20565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20565"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing","award":["42171355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171355"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1671"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing","award":["ZR2021MD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MD082"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Shandong Province","award":["2023YFB2604001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2604001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Shandong Province","award":["42371460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371460"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Shandong Province","award":["U22A20565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20565"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Shandong Province","award":["42171355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171355"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Shandong Province","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1671"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021MD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MD082"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accuracy and reliability of soil moisture retrieval based on Global Positioning System (GPS) single-star Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) data is low due to the influence of spatial and temporal differences of different satellites. Therefore, this paper proposes a Random Forest (RF)-based multi-satellite data fusion Global Navigation Satellite System Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) soil moisture retrieval method, which utilizes the RF Model\u2019s Mean Decrease Impurity (MDI) algorithm to adaptively assign arc weights to fuse all available satellite data to obtain accurate retrieval results. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the proposed method was validated using GPS data from the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) network sites P041 and P037, as well as data collected in Lamasquere, France. A Support Vector Machine model (SVM), Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network model, and Convolutional Neural Network model (CNN) are introduced for the comparison of accuracy. The results indicated that the proposed method had the best retrieval performance, with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of 0.032, 0.028, and 0.003 cm3\/cm3, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values of 0.025, 0.022, and 0.002 cm3\/cm3, and correlation coefficients (R) of 0.94, 0.95, and 0.98, respectively, at the three sites. Therefore, the proposed soil moisture retrieval model demonstrates strong robustness and generalization capabilities, providing a reference for achieving high-precision, real-time monitoring of soil moisture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1726484217000},"page":"3428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["GNSS-IR Soil Moisture Retrieval Using Multi-Satellite Data Fusion Based on Random Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0809-7682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9059-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}]},{"given":"Shihai","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1649-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Kangyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/02626669609491523","article-title":"Remote Sensing Applications to Hydrology: Soil Moisture","volume":"41","author":"Jackson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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