{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:34:45Z","timestamp":1773930885120,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNSA pre-research Project on Civil Aerospace Technologies","award":["D040107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D040107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spaceborne photon-counting LiDAR holds significant potential for shallow-water bathymetry. However, the received photon data often contain substantial noise, complicating the extraction of elevation information. Currently, a denoising algorithm named ordering points to identify the clustering structure (OPTICS) draws people\u2019s attention because of its strong performance under high background noise. However, this algorithm\u2019s fixed input variables can lead to inaccurate photon distribution parameters in areas near the water bottom, which results in inadequate denoising in these areas, affecting bathymetric accuracy. To address this issue, an Adaptive Variable OPTICS (AV-OPTICS) model is proposed in this paper. Unlike the traditional OPTICS model with fixed input variables, the proposed model dynamically adjusts input variables based on point cloud distribution. This adjustment ensures accurate measurement of photon distribution parameters near the water bottom, thereby enhancing denoising effects in these areas and improving bathymetric accuracy. The findings indicate that, compared to traditional OPTICS methods, AV-OPTICS achieves higher F1-values and lower cohesions, demonstrating better denoising performance near the water bottom. Furthermore, this method achieves an average MAE of 0.28 m and RMSE of 0.31 m, indicating better bathymetric accuracy than traditional OPTICS methods. This study provides a promising solution for shallow-water bathymetry based on photon-counting LiDAR data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1726484217000},"page":"3438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Denoising of Photon-Counting LiDAR Bathymetry Based on Adaptive Variable OPTICS Model and Its Accuracy Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peize","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Yangrui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Yanpeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3954-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Multispectral Information Intelligent Processing Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanjie","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Progress and Prospect of Space-borne Photon-counting Lidar Shallow Water Bathymetry Technology","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185782","article-title":"Sea-level rise and its impact on Coastal Zones","volume":"328","author":"Nicholls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2023.220016","article-title":"Brillouin scattering spectrum for liquid detection and applications in oceanography","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. 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