{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:18:13Z","timestamp":1772205493196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Key Project","award":["2020AAA0108203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020AAA0108203"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Key Project","award":["62003258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62003258"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Key Project","award":["62103062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103062"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of P.R. China","award":["2020AAA0108203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020AAA0108203"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of P.R. China","award":["62003258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62003258"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of P.R. China","award":["62103062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrated communication\u2013sensing\u2013computing (ICSC) satellites, which integrate edge computing servers on Earth observation satellites to process collected data directly in orbit, are attracting growing attention. Nevertheless, some monitoring tasks involve sequential sub-tasks like target observation and movement prediction, leading to data dependencies. Moreover, the limited energy supply on satellites requires the sequential execution of sub-tasks. Therefore, inappropriate assignments can cause circular waiting among satellites, resulting in deadlocks. This paper formulates task offloading in ICSC satellites with data-dependent constraints as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, aiming to minimize service latency and energy consumption simultaneously. Given the non-centrality of ICSC satellites, we propose a distributed deadlock-free task offloading (DDFTO) algorithm. DDFTO operates in parallel on each satellite, alternating between sub-task inclusion and consensus and sub-task removal until a common offloading assignment is reached. To avoid deadlocks arising from sub-task inclusion, we introduce the deadlock-free insertion mechanism (DFIM), which strategically restricts the insertion positions of sub-tasks based on interval relationships, ensuring deadlock-free assignments. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of DFIM in avoiding deadlocks and show that the DDFTO algorithm outperforms benchmark algorithms in achieving deadlock-free offloading assignments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T09:49:19Z","timestamp":1726652959000},"page":"3459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Distributed Deadlock-Free Task Offloading Algorithm for Integrated Communication\u2013Sensing\u2013Computing Satellites with Data-Dependent Constraints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8118-3691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruipeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2983-2313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yikang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hengnian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Astronautic Dynamics, China Xi\u2019an Satellite Control Center, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Yu, L., Du, Z., Peng, D., Hao, P., Zhang, Y., and Gong, P. 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