{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T10:47:05Z","timestamp":1766400425695,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China National Space Administration (CNSA)","award":["2023YFE0117300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0117300"]}]},{"name":"China Earthquake Administration (CEA)","award":["2023YFE0117300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0117300"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of intergovernmental cooperation in science and technology","award":["2023YFE0117300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0117300"]}]},{"name":"International Space Science Institute (ISSI in Bern, Switzerland and ISSI-BJ in Beijing, China)","award":["2023YFE0117300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0117300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates the impact characteristics of the 4 November 2021 magnetic storm across different frequency bands based on the electric field data (EFD) from the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), categorized into four frequency bands: ULF (Ultra-Low-Frequency, DC to 16 Hz), ELF (Extremely Low-Frequency, 6 Hz to 2.2 kHz), VLF (Very Low-Frequency, 1.8 to 20 kHz), and HF (High-Frequency, 18 kHz to 3.5 MHz). The study reveals that in the ULF band, magnetic storm-induced electric field disturbances are primarily in the range of 0 to 5 Hz, with a significant disturbance frequency at 3.9 \u00b1 1.0 Hz. Magnetic storms also enhance Schumann waves in the ULF band, with 8 Hz Schumann waves dominating in the southern hemisphere and 13 Hz Schumann waves dominating in the northern hemisphere. In the ELF band, the more pronounced anomalies occur at 300 Hz\u2013900 Hz and above 1.8 kHz, with the 300 Hz\u2013900 Hz band anomalies around 780 Hz being the most significant. In the VLF band, the electric field anomalies are mainly concentrated in the 3\u201315 kHz range. The ELF and VLF bands exhibit lower absolute and relative disturbance increments compared to the ULF band, with the relative perturbation growth rate in the ULF band being approximately 10% higher than in the ELF and VLF bands. Magnetic storm-induced electric field disturbances predominantly occur in the ULF, ELF, and VLF bands, with the most significant disturbances in the ULF band. The electric field perturbations in these three frequency bands exhibit hemispheric asymmetry, with strong perturbations in the northern hemisphere occurring earlier than in the southern hemisphere, corresponding to different Dst minima. No electric field disturbances were observed in the HF band (above 18 kHz). The conclusions of this paper are highly significant for future anti-jamming designs in spacecraft and communication equipment, as well as for the further study of magnetic storms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T10:49:48Z","timestamp":1726829388000},"page":"3497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multiple-Band Electric Field Response to the Geomagnetic Storm on 4 November 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5908-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4436-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Langfang 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4481-0534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Langfang 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hengxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeren","family":"Zhima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016793213030031","article-title":"Effect of Geomagnetic Storms (Substorms) on the Ionosphere: 1. A Review","volume":"53","author":"Blagoveshchenskii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomagn. Aeron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00177956","article-title":"Geomagnetic Storms, Auroras and Associated Effects","volume":"3","author":"Piddington","year":"1964","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1029\/93JA02867","article-title":"What Is a Geomagnetic Storm?","volume":"99","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006GL028879","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028879","article-title":"Interplanetary Origin of Intense Geomagnetic Storms (Dst < \u2212100 nT) during Solar Cycle 23","volume":"34","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009JA014796","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JA014796","article-title":"Dayside Ionospheric Response to the Intense Interplanetary Shocks\u2013Solar Wind Discontinuities: Observations from the Digisonde Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory","volume":"115","author":"Zong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"267","article-title":"Supermagnetic Storms: Hazard to Society","volume":"Volume 196","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophysical Monograph Series"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40562-016-0037-4","article-title":"Geomagnetic Storms: Historical Perspective to Modern View","volume":"3","author":"Lakhina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-27-2101-2009","article-title":"Geomagnetic Storm Effects on GPS Based Navigation","volume":"27","author":"Prasad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Roodman, D. (2017, July 01). The Risk of Geomagnetic Storms to the Grid: A Preliminary Review. GiveWell. Available online: http:\/\/files.givewell.org\/files\/labs\/geomagnetic-storms\/The_risk_of_geomagnetic_storms_5_dr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-042711-105540","article-title":"Satellite Geomagnetism","volume":"40","author":"Olsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2005.10.016","article-title":"ICE, the Electric Field Experiment on DEMETER","volume":"54","author":"Berthelier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-018-9242-0","article-title":"The State-of-the-Art of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite Mission","volume":"61","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Warmbein, B. (2002). ULF\u2013VLF electric field measurements during the 2001 Leonid storm. Proceedings of the Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, ACM-2002, International Conference, Berlin, Germany, 29 July\u20132 August 2002, ESA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1134\/S0010952517050070","article-title":"Global Impulse Burst of Geomagnetic Pulsations in the Frequency Range of 0.2\u20135 Hz as a Precursor of the Sudden Commencement of St. Patrick\u2019s Day 2015 Geomagnetic Storm","volume":"55","author":"Parkhomov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cosm. Res"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RS005566","article-title":"The ULF Magnetic Fields Generated by Thunderstorms: A Source of ULF Geomagnetic Pulsations?","volume":"49","author":"Kjono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, S.N.A., Jusoh, M.H., Kasran, F.A.M., Abdullah, M., Veenadhari, B., Uozumi, T., Abe, S., Yoshikawa, A., and Cardinal, M.G. (2015, January 10\u201312). Variations of ULF and VLF during Moderate Geomagnetic Storm at Equatorial Region. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace), Langkawi, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IconSpace.2015.7283762"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023JA031775","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JA031775","article-title":"The Distribution and Evolution of Storm Time Pc3-5 ULF Wave Power Based on Satellite and Ground Observations","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"JGR Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016793208040099","article-title":"Estimation of Storm-Time Level of Day-Side Wave Geomagnetic Activity Using a New ULF Index","volume":"48","author":"Kozyreva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomagn. Aeron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016793209040021","article-title":"Variations in the ULF Index of Geomagnetic Pulsations during Strong Magnetic Storms","volume":"49","author":"Kozyreva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomagn. Aeron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016793210060083","article-title":"Variations in the ULF Index of Daytime Geomagnetic Pulsations during Recurrent Magnetic Storms","volume":"50","author":"Kozyreva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomagn. Aeron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-33-1457-2015","article-title":"Sub-Ionospheric VLF Signal Anomaly Due to Geomagnetic Storms: A Statistical Study","volume":"33","author":"Tatsuta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005JA011583","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JA011583","article-title":"New Observations of Electromagnetic Harmonic ELF Emissions in the Ionosphere by the DEMETER Satellite during Large Magnetic Storms","volume":"111","author":"Parrot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(89)90117-7","article-title":"Energetic Electron Precipitation at the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly: A Review","volume":"51","author":"Pinto","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JA019237","article-title":"Storm Time Evolution of ELF\/VLF Waves Observed by DEMETER Satellite","volume":"119","author":"Zhima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhima, Z., Hu, Y., Shen, X., Chu, W., Piersanti, M., Parmentier, A., Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Huang, J., and Zhao, S. (2021). Storm-Time Features of the Ionospheric ELF\/VLF Waves and Energetic Electron Fluxes Revealed by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11062617"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016793213040038","article-title":"Effect of Magnetic Storms (Substorms) on HF Propagation: A Review","volume":"53","author":"Blagoveshchenskii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomagn. Aeron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.11834\/jrs.20188177","article-title":"System Design and Key Technology of China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl. Remote Sens. Bull."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-11-561-2004","article-title":"Application of the Cross Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Coherence to Geophysical Time Series","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlin. Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3126\/hp.v10i1.55282","article-title":"Wavelet Coherence Analysis foF2 over Boulder Station during Different Geomagnetic Activity","volume":"10","author":"Giri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Himal. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-019-01233-1","article-title":"Consistency and Analysis of Ionospheric Observables Obtained from Three Precise Point Positioning Models","volume":"93","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Smith, S.W. (2003). Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists, Newnes."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10509-016-2873-2","article-title":"Studies on Different Geophysical and Extra-Terrestrial Events within the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity in Terms of ULF\/ELF\/VLF Radio Waves","volume":"361","author":"Sanfui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Astrophys. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.05.025","article-title":"Ionospheric Response to the 26 August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm Using GPS-TEC Observations along 80\u00b0 E and 120\u00b0 E Longitudes in the Asian Sector","volume":"66","author":"Lissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2024.106219","article-title":"Penetrating Electric Field during the Nov 3\u20134, 2021 Geomagnetic Storm","volume":"257","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JA020773","article-title":"The Equatorial Electrojet during Geomagnetic Storms and Substorms","volume":"120","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"JGR Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010JA015661","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JA015661","article-title":"Hemispheric Asymmetries in the Ionospheric Response Observed in the American Sector during an Intense Geomagnetic Storm","volume":"115","author":"Fagundes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JA029348","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JA029348","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Global Ionospheric Storm Drivers and Hemispherical Asymmetry During 17\u201318 March 2015 Geomagnetic Storm","volume":"126","author":"Terefe","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGR Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023JA031429","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JA031429","article-title":"Investigation of Interhemispheric Asymmetry of the Thermospheric Composition Observed by GOLD During the First Strong Geomagnetic Storm in Solar-Cycle 25, 1: IMF By Effects","volume":"128","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JGR Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2022.01.026","article-title":"A Review and Prospects of Operational Frequency Selecting Techniques for HF Radio Communication","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3497\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:01:10Z","timestamp":1760112070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/18\/3497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16183497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16183497","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]}}}