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Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Locating clandestine graves presents significant challenges to law enforcement agencies, necessitating the testing of grave detection techniques. This experimental study, conducted under Australian field conditions, assesses the effectiveness of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in detecting pig burials as simulated forensic cases. The research addresses two key questions: (1) observability of graves using GPR and ERT, and (2) changes in geophysical responses with reference to changing climatic conditions. The principal novelty of this research is its Australian focus\u2014this is the first time-lapse GPR and ERT study used to locate clandestine graves in Australia. The results reveal that both GPR and ERT can detect graves; however, ERT demonstrates greater suitability in homogeneous soil and anomalously wet climate conditions, with the detectability affected by grave depth. This project also found that resistivity values are likely influenced by soil moisture and decomposition fluids; however, these parameters were not directly measured in this study. Contrastingly, although GPR successfully achieved 2 m penetration in each survey, the site\u2019s undeveloped soil likely resulted in inconsistent detectability. The findings underscore the significance of site-specific factors when employing GPR and\/or ERT for grave detection, including soil homogeneity, climate conditions, water percolation, and body decomposition state. These findings offer practical insights into each technique\u2019s utility as a search tool for missing persons, aiding law enforcement agencies with homicide cases involving covert graves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T10:49:48Z","timestamp":1726829388000},"page":"3498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of Time-Lapse Ground-Penetrating Radar and Electrical Resistivity Tomography Surveys for Detecting Pig (Sus spp.) Cadaver Graves in an Australian Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9267-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Berezowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law and Justice, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4402-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xanth\u00e9","family":"Mallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law and Justice, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia"}]},{"given":"Dilan","family":"Seckiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Crebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law and Justice, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6438-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law and Justice, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Rau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2171-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Moffat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-021-09457-8","article-title":"The psycho-criminology of burial sites: Developing the winthropping method for locating clandestine burial sites","volume":"37","author":"Keatley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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