{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T15:05:02Z","timestamp":1766847902680,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ESA","award":["4000109587","855677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000109587","855677"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["4000109587","855677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000109587","855677"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["4000109587","855677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000109587","855677"]}]},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)","award":["4000109587","855677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000109587","855677"]}]},{"name":"Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca (MUR)","award":["4000109587","855677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000109587","855677"]}]},{"name":"Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Analysis (LAICA)","award":["4000109587","855677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000109587","855677"]}]},{"name":"Working Earth (Pianeta Dinamico) Projects","award":["4000109587","855677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000109587","855677"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Launched on 22 November 2013, Swarm is the fourth in a series of pioneering Earth Explorer missions and also the European Space Agency\u2019s (ESA\u2019s) first constellation to advance our understanding of the Earth\u2019s magnetic field and the near-Earth electromagnetic environment. Swarm provides an ideal platform in the topside ionosphere for observing ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves, as well as equatorial spread-F (ESF) events or plasma bubbles, and, thus, offers an excellent opportunity for space weather studies. For this purpose, a specialized time\u2013frequency analysis (TFA) toolbox has been developed for deriving continuous pulsations (Pc), namely Pc1 (0.2\u20135 Hz) and Pc3 (22\u2013100 mHz), as well as ionospheric plasma irregularity distribution maps. In this methodological paper, we focus on the ULF pulsation and ESF activity observed by Swarm satellites during a time interval centered around the occurrence of the 24 August 2016 Central Italy M6 earthquake. Due to the Swarm orbit\u2019s proximity to the earthquake epicenter, i.e., a few hours before the earthquake occurred, data from the mission may offer a variety of interesting observations around the time of the earthquake event. These observations could be associated with the occurrence of this geophysical event. Most notably, we observed an electron density perturbation occurring 6 h prior to the earthquake. This perturbation was detected when the satellites were flying above Italy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T09:15:07Z","timestamp":1727082907000},"page":"3506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Swarm Investigation of Ultra-Low-Frequency (ULF) Pulsation and Plasma Irregularity Signatures Potentially Associated with Geophysical Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7342-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Balasis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing (IAASARS), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), 15236 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3941-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5191-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos","family":"Papadimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing (IAASARS), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), 15236 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-0589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adamantia Zoe","family":"Boutsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing (IAASARS), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), 15236 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Cianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omiros","family":"Giannakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing (IAASARS), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), 15236 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5928-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelios M.","family":"Potirakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing (IAASARS), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), 15236 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12244 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Frederick University, 1036 Nicosia, Cyprus"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4300-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mioara","family":"Mandea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 75039 Paris, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03351933","article-title":"Swarm: \u201cA constellation to study the Earth\u2019s magnetic field\u201d","volume":"58","author":"Hulot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL065424","article-title":"ULF wave power features in the topside ionosphere revealed by Swarm observations","volume":"42","author":"Balasis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. 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