{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:12Z","timestamp":1760145972198,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12073049","12273062","42150105","178GJHZ2023180MI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12073049","12273062","42150105","178GJHZ2023180MI"]}]},{"name":"CAS-JSPS Joint Research Project","award":["12073049","12273062","42150105","178GJHZ2023180MI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12073049","12273062","42150105","178GJHZ2023180MI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) is characterized by ionospheric irregularities which disturb radio waves by causing phase and amplitude scintillations or even signal loss. It is becoming increasingly important in space weather to assure the reliability of radio systems in both space and on the ground. This paper presents a newly established GNSS ionospheric observation network (GION) around the north equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest in south China, which has a longitudinal coverage of \u223c30\u00b0 from 94\u00b0E to 124\u00b0E. The measurement with signals from geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites of the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) is capable of separating the temporal and spatial variations of the ionosphere. A temporal fluctuation of TEC (TFT) parameter is proposed to characterize EPBs. The longitude of the EPBs\u2019 generation can be located with TFT variations in the time\u2013longitude dimension. It is found that the post-sunset EPBs have a high degree of longitudinal variability. They generally show a quasiperiodic feature, indicating their association with atmospheric gravity wave activities. Wave-like structures with different scale sizes can co-exist in the same night.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T03:49:46Z","timestamp":1727149786000},"page":"3521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Observation of Post-Sunset Equatorial Plasma Bubbles with BDS Geostationary Satellites over South China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-6173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9917-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingtao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei 184-8795, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area, SYSU, Zhuhai 518082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area, SYSU, Zhuhai 518082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Astronomical Observatory, Shenzhen 518121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A147","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201937424","article-title":"Probabilistic direction-dependent ionospheric calibration for LOFAR-HBA","volume":"635","author":"Albert","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12036-022-09900-0","article-title":"Exploring Earth\u2019s ionosphere and its effect on low radio frequency observation with the uGMRT and the SKA","volume":"44","author":"Mangla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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