{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:09:41Z","timestamp":1783566581255,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11674294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11674294"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Matched field processing (MFP) is an established technique for source localization in known multipath acoustic environments. Unfortunately, in many situations, imperfect knowledge of the actual propagation environment and sidelobes due to modal interference prevent accurate propagation modeling and source localization via MFP. To suppress the sidelobes and improve the method\u2019s robustness, a linear frequency-difference matched field processing (LFDMFP) method for estimating the source range is proposed. A two-neighbor-frequency high-order cross-spectrum between the measurement and the replica of each hydrophone of the vertical line array is first computed. The cost function can then be derived from the dual summation or double integral of the high-order cross-spectrum with respect to the depth of the hydrophones and the candidate sources of the replicas, where the range that corresponds to the minimum is the optimal estimation. Because of the larger modal interference distances, LFDMFP can efficiently provide only one optimal range within the same range search interval rather than some conventional matched field processing. The efficiency of the presented method was verified using simulations and experiments. The LFDMFP unambiguously estimated the source range in two experimental datasets with average relative errors of 2.2 and 1.9%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T03:49:46Z","timestamp":1727149786000},"page":"3529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Source Range Estimation Using Linear Frequency-Difference Matched Field Processing in a Shallow Water Waveguide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Penghua","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haozhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2909-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380872","article-title":"Use of calculated sound fields and matched-field detection to locate sound sources in shallow water","volume":"59","author":"Bucker","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. 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