{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:03:34Z","timestamp":1780513414560,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Future Leading Talents Excellence Academic Program of East China Normal University","award":["42071306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the relationship between climate, snow cover, and vegetation Net Primary Productivity (NPP) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is crucial. However, the role of snow cover in influencing the NPP remains unclear. This study investigates the connection between the NPP and snow phenology (SP) across the TP from 2011 to 2020. Interannual trends were assessed using the Theil\u2013Sen non-parametric regression approach combined with the Mann\u2013Kendall test. Additionally, the pathways through which snow cover affects the NPP, considering various environmental factors, were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Approximately 10.72% of the TP showed a significant decrease in the NPP, accompanied by advancing trends in the Snow Onset Date (SOD) and Snow End Date (SED), as well as a gradual decrease in the Snow Cover Duration (SCD). The PLS-SEM results reveal that precipitation and soil temperature significantly influenced the NPP, with total effects of 0.309 and 0.206 in the SCD structural equation. Temperature had a relatively strong indirect effect on the NPP through its influence on the SOD and SCD, contributing 16% and 10% to the total effect, respectively. Neglecting the mediating effect of SP underestimates the environmental impact on the NPP. This study highlights how environmental factors influence the NPP through snow cover changes as the biomass increases, thereby enhancing our understanding of SP\u2019s impact on the TP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T16:16:37Z","timestamp":1727280997000},"page":"3566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing the Response of the Net Primary Productivity to Snow Phenology Changes in the Tibetan Plateau: Trends and Environmental Drivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2023.07.004","article-title":"Amplification of warming on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2021.04.004","article-title":"Change in drought conditions and its impacts on vegetation growth over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-18-1817-2024","article-title":"Temperature-dominated spatiotemporal variability in snow phenology on the Tibetan Plateau from 2002 to 2022","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01074-x","article-title":"Climate change decisive for Asia\u2019s snow meltwater supply","volume":"11","author":"Kraaijenbrink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1890\/02-3154","article-title":"Photosynthesis of arctic evergreens under snow: Implications for tundra ecosystem carbon balance","volume":"84","author":"Starr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-018-2299-0","article-title":"The importance of understanding annual and shorter-term temperature patterns and variation in the surface levels of polar soils for terrestrial biota","volume":"41","author":"Convey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"572","article-title":"Winters are changing: Snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems","volume":"8","author":"Rixen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2511","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of NPP and its response to climate change in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 2000 to 2015","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01689.x","article-title":"Impacts of extreme winter warming in the sub-Arctic: Growing season responses of dwarf shrub heathland","volume":"14","author":"Bokhorst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1657\/AAAR0014-098","article-title":"Ecological responses to 52 years of experimental snow manipulation in high-alpine cushionfield, Old Man Range, south-central New Zealand","volume":"47","author":"Mark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1571","article-title":"Elevation-dependent influence of snow accumulation on forest greening","volume":"5","author":"Trujillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13930","article-title":"Disentangling the mechanisms behind winter snow impact on vegetation activity in northern ecosystems","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Sa, C., Hai, Q., Meng, F., Luo, M., Gao, H., Zhang, H., Yin, C., Zhang, Y., and Sun, H. (2023). Quantifying the Effects of Snow on the Beginning of Vegetation Growth in the Mongolian Plateau. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051245"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171440","article-title":"Later-melting rather than thickening of snowpack enhance the productivity and alter the community composition of temperate grassland","volume":"923","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26876-7","article-title":"Carbon response of tundra ecosystems to advancing greenup and snowmelt in Alaska","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160527","article-title":"Effects of climate change and human activities on vegetation coverage change in northern China considering extreme climate and time-lag and -accumulation effects","volume":"860","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-011-0001-5","article-title":"Response of alpine plant flower production to temperature and snow cover fluctuation at the species range boundary","volume":"213","author":"Abeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"26","article-title":"Coupling of climate change and biotic UV exposure through changing snow-ice covers in terrestrial habitats","volume":"79","author":"Cockell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4656","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4656","article-title":"Increased snow cover enhances gross primary productivity in cold and dry regions of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15969","article-title":"Depth-dependent drivers of soil microbial necromass carbon across Tibetan alpine grasslands","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2007.10.023","article-title":"Effects of permafrost thawing on vegetation and soil carbon pool losses on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.131","article-title":"Climate change and its impacts on vegetation distribution and net primary productivity of the alpine ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"554","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12954","article-title":"Temperature and snowfall trigger alpine vegetation green-up on the world\u2019s roof","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J.Y., Tang, Y., Xu, J.H., Shu, S., Yu, B.L., Wu, J.P., and Huang, Y. (2022). Impact of Snow Cover Phenology on the Vegetation Green-Up Date on the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163909"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.10.001","article-title":"Improving MODIS snow products with a HMRF-based spatio-temporal modeling technique in the Upper Rio Grande Basin","volume":"204","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.11.129","article-title":"Spatiotemporal change and trend analysis of potential evapotranspiration over the Loess Plateau of China during 2011-2100","volume":"233","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5331","article-title":"Assessment of climate change trends over the Loess Plateau in China from 1901 to 2100","volume":"38","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5267","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-5267-2022","article-title":"A 1 km daily soil moisture dataset over China using in situ measurement and machine learning","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1057\/s41270-023-00231-9","article-title":"Quantifying uncertainty in PLS-SEM-based mediation analyses","volume":"12","author":"Sarstedt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mark. Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.01.003","article-title":"Increasing altitudinal gradient of spring vegetation phenology during the last decade on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"189","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.10.026","article-title":"Vegetation phenology on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its response to climate change (1982\u20132013)","volume":"248","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13081","article-title":"Temperature, precipitation, and insolation effects on autumn vegetation phenology in temperate China","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0562-x","article-title":"Response of rangeland vegetation to snow cover dynamics in Nepal Trans Himalaya","volume":"117","author":"Paudel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01371","article-title":"Frozen ground temperature trends associated with climate change in the Tibetan Plateau Three River Source Region from 1980 to 2014","volume":"67","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rty051","article-title":"Impacts of snow cover duration on vegetation spring phenology over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108351","article-title":"Relationship between vegetation phenology and snow cover changes during 2001\u20132018 in the Qilian Mountains","volume":"133","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.03.004","article-title":"Snow cover phenology affects alpine vegetation growth dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau: Satellite observed evidence, impacts of different biomes, and climate drivers","volume":"256","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010632015572","article-title":"Potential impact of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: A review","volume":"50","author":"Theurillat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2017.11.002","article-title":"Winter soil temperature dependence of alpine plant distribution: Implications for anticipating vegetation changes under a warming climate","volume":"30","author":"Choler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.108828","article-title":"Earlier snowmelt predominates advanced spring vegetation greenup in Alaska","volume":"315","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-019-00418-1","article-title":"Microspatial Differences in Soil Temperature Cause Phenology Change on Par with Long-Term Climate Warming in Salt Marshes","volume":"23","author":"Alber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpr132","article-title":"Xylogenesis in black spruce: Does soil temperature matter?","volume":"32","author":"Lupi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028557","article-title":"Impacts of Snow Darkening by Deposition of Light-Absorbing Aerosols on Hydroclimate of Eurasia During Boreal Spring and Summer","volume":"123","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-01167-9","article-title":"Winter snow cover influences growing-season vegetation productivity non-uniformly in the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6471","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-13-6471-2016","article-title":"The growth of shrubs on high Arctic tundra at Bylot Island: Impact on snow physical properties and permafrost thermal regime","volume":"13","author":"Domine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:02:43Z","timestamp":1760112163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16193566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16193566","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]}}}