{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:30Z","timestamp":1760146050031,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2021-122142OB-I00","PROMETEO\/2021\/030","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/035","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122142OB-I00","PROMETEO\/2021\/030","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/035","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/043"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["PID2021-122142OB-I00","PROMETEO\/2021\/030","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/035","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122142OB-I00","PROMETEO\/2021\/030","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/035","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/043"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana and \u201cEuropean Union NextGenerationEU\/PRTR\u201d","award":["PID2021-122142OB-I00","PROMETEO\/2021\/030","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/035","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122142OB-I00","PROMETEO\/2021\/030","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/035","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/043"]}]},{"name":"Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["PID2021-122142OB-I00","PROMETEO\/2021\/030","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/035","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122142OB-I00","PROMETEO\/2021\/030","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/035","GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Arabian Gulf, a semi-enclosed basin in the Middle East, connects to the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz and is surrounded by seven arid countries. This study examines the water cycle of the Gulf and its surrounding areas using data from the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions, along with ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis data, from 05\/2002 to 05\/2017 and from 07\/2018 to 12\/2023. Our findings reveal a persistent water deficit due to high evaporation rates, averaging 370 \u00b1 3 km3\/year, greatly surpassing precipitation, which accounts for only 15% of the evaporative loss. Continental runoff provides one-fifth of the needed water, while the remaining deficit, approximately 274 \u00b1 10 km3\/year, is balanced by net inflow of saltwater from the Indian Ocean. Seasonal variations show the lowest net inflow of 26 \u00b1 49 km3\/year in March and the highest of 586 \u00b1 53 km3\/year in November, driven by net evaporation, continental input, and changes in the Gulf\u2019s water budget. This study highlights the complex hydrological dynamics influenced by climate patterns and provides a baseline for future research in the region, which will be needed to quantify the expected changes in the hydrological cycle due to climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T04:05:46Z","timestamp":1727323546000},"page":"3577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hydrological Cycle in the Arabian Sea Region from GRACE\/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Kamel","family":"Boulahia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Trottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-2910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Manuel","family":"Sayol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6102-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Isabel","family":"Vigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-020-01384-2","article-title":"Variability of water exchanges through the Strait of Hormuz","volume":"70","author":"Vasou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2478\/s13545-012-0010-6","article-title":"Three\u2013dimensional numerical modeling of the water exchange between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman through the Strait of Hormuz","volume":"41","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oceanol. Hydrobiol. 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