{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:18Z","timestamp":1760145978992,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Technology R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009558","name":"University Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009558","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex","award":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation","award":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund Program of Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","award":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904805","42305139","2022AH051794","SCAPC202110","LAGEO-2022-05","GHML2022-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies of the impact of biomass burning and the emissions of trace gases from biomass burning, especially using long-term observations, are scarce in China. We utilize solar absorption spectra obtained via ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to retrieve the atmospheric total columns and vertical profiles of carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (H2CO), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in Hefei, China. Seasonal and interannual variability in the three gases from 2016 to 2022 are analyzed. Atmospheric CO shows significant seasonal variations, peaking during spring and winter, and declining during summer, with a seasonal amplitude of 8.07 \u00d7 1017 molecules cm\u22122 and a seasonal variability of 29.35%. H2CO and HCN have similar seasonal patterns to each other, with high concentrations in summer and low concentrations in winter. The seasonal amplitude of H2CO and HCN are 1.89 \u00d7 1016 molecules cm\u22122 and 2.32 \u00d7 1015 molecules cm\u22122, respectively, with a seasonal variability of 133.07% and 34.69%, respectively. The means of the annual variation rate for CO, H2CO, and HCN are (\u22122.67 \u00b1 2.88)% yr\u22121, (2.52 \u00b1 12.48)% yr\u22121 and (\u22123.48 \u00b1 7.26)% yr\u22121, respectively. To assess the influence of biomass burning on the variations in column concentrations of the three gases, the correlation between CO, H2CO, and HCN was analyzed. The months during which the monthly correlation coefficient between CO and H2CO with HCN exceeds 0.8, and the fire radiative power (FRP) observed by satellites is larger than its monthly average are regarded as a biomass-burning occurrence in Anhui province. Additionally, the enhancement ratios of \u0394H2CO\/\u0394CO and \u0394HCN\/\u0394CO were calculated for the periods impacted by the biomass burning. Finally, backward trajectory cluster analysis and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) calculation identified the air mass transport pathways and the potential source areas at the Hefei site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T06:55:52Z","timestamp":1727333752000},"page":"3586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal Variations and Characteristics of CO, H2CO and HCN Emissions from Biomass Burning Monitored by FTIR Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Changgong","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510000, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2680-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4574-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8523","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-8523-2019","article-title":"Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning\u2014An updated assessment","volume":"19","author":"Andreae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5437","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-5437-2007","article-title":"ACE-FTS observation of a young biomass burning plume: First reported measurements of C2H4, C3H6O, H2CO and PAN by infrared occultation from space","volume":"7","author":"Coheur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11623","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-11623-2018","article-title":"Estimating the open biomass burning emissions in central and eastern China from 2003 to 2015 based on satellite observation","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15451","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-15451-2018","article-title":"Primary emissions of glyoxal and methylglyoxal from laboratory measurements of open biomass burning","volume":"18","author":"Zarzana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12169","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-12169-2011","article-title":"ACE-FTS measurements of trace species in the characterization of biomass burning plumes","volume":"11","author":"Tereszchuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-1547-2014","article-title":"Five years of CO, HCN, C2H6, C2H2, CH3OH, HCOOH and H2CO total columns measured in the Canadian high Arctic","volume":"7","author":"Viatte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ACH 2-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000748","article-title":"Spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric CO, C2H6, C2H2, and HCN in northern Japan","volume":"107","author":"Zhao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11201","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026121","article-title":"Formaldehyde in the tropical western Pacific: Chemical sources and sinks, convective transport, and representation in CAM-Chem and the CCMI models","volume":"122","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-2569-2008","article-title":"CO measurements from the ACE-FTS satellite instrument: Data analysis and validation using ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations","volume":"8","author":"Clerbaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13433","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-13433-2015","article-title":"Decadal trends in global CO emissions as seen by MOPITT","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-2627-2017","article-title":"Investigating the performance of a greenhouse gas observatory in Hefei, China","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"6185","article-title":"Trends, interannual and seasonal variations of tropospheric CO, C2H6 and HCN columns measured from ground-based FTIR at Lauder and Arrival Heights","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2020.09.011","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations and potential sources of tropospheric formaldehyde over eastern China based on OMI satellite data","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.04.079","article-title":"Ambient formaldehyde source attribution in Houston during TexAQS II and TRAMP","volume":"45","author":"Guven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2011.642952","article-title":"Carbonyl emissions from vehicular exhausts sources in Hong Kong","volume":"62","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.140","article-title":"Sources of formaldehyde and their contributions to photochemical O3 formation at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta, southern China","volume":"168","author":"Ling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15880","article-title":"Vegetation responses to climate extremes recorded by remotely sensed atmospheric formaldehyde","volume":"28","author":"Morfopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50197","article-title":"Source apportionment of formaldehyde during TexAQS 2006 using a source-oriented chemical transport model","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117523","article-title":"Biomass-burning emissions could significantly enhance the atmospheric oxidizing capacity in continental air pollution","volume":"285","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6699","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-6699-2012","article-title":"The formaldehyde budget as seen by a global-scale multi-constraint and multi-species inversion system","volume":"12","author":"Chevallier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/346552a0","article-title":"Importance of biomass burning in the atmospheric budgets of nitrogen-containing gases","volume":"346","author":"Lobert","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8531","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-8531-2009","article-title":"What drives the observed variability of HCN in the troposphere and lower stratosphere?","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL010935","article-title":"Atmospheric hydrogen cyanide (HCN): Biomass burning source, ocean sink?","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.08.043","article-title":"The influence of forest fires on CO, HCN, C2H6, and C2H2 over northern Japan measured by infrared solar spectroscopy","volume":"41","author":"Nagahama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ACH 1-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001150","article-title":"Multiyear infrared solar spectroscopic measurements of HCN, CO, C2H6, and C2H2 tropospheric columns above Lauder, New Zealand (45 S latitude)","volume":"107","author":"Rinsland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18667","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900366","article-title":"Infrared solar spectroscopic measurements of free tropospheric CO, C2H6, and HCN above Mauna Loa, Hawaii: Seasonal variations and evidence for enhanced emissions from the Southeast Asian tropical fires of 1997\u20131998","volume":"104","author":"Rinsland","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12863","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00358","article-title":"Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic trace gas column abundances from ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectrometry","volume":"102","author":"Notholt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-2881-2005","article-title":"Intercomparison of four different in-situ techniques for ambient formaldehyde measurements in urban air","volume":"5","author":"Hak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8464","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL083757","article-title":"Decreasing Trend in Formaldehyde Detected From 20-Year Record at Wollongong, Southeast Australia","volume":"46","author":"Lieschke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10367","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-10367-2012","article-title":"FTIR time-series of biomass burning products (HCN, C2H6, C2H2, CH3OH, and HCOOH) at Reunion Island (21\u00b0 S, 55\u00b0 E) and comparisons with model data","volume":"12","author":"Vigouroux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12813","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-12813-2020","article-title":"Detection and attribution of wildfire pollution in the Arctic and northern midlatitudes using a network of Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers and GEOS-Chem","volume":"20","author":"Lutsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Variations and correlations of CO, C2H2, C2H6, H2CO and HCN columns derived from three years of ground-based FTIR measurements at Xianghe, China","volume":"2022","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4958","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.411383","article-title":"Retrieval of vertical profiles and tropospheric CO2 columns based on high-resolution FTIR over Hefei, China","volume":"29","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.02.005","article-title":"Regional CO emission estimated from ground-based remote sensing at Hefei site, China","volume":"222","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, P., Shan, C., Liu, C., Xie, Y., Wang, W., Zhu, Q., Zeng, X., and Liang, B. (2023). Ground-based remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using high-resolution FTIR spectrometry. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143484"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16689","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD01296","article-title":"Infrared measurements of the ozone vertical distribution above Kitt Peak","volume":"100","author":"Pougatchev","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4116","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002299","article-title":"Intercomparison of remote sounding instruments","volume":"108","author":"Rodgers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15519","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-15519-2021","article-title":"Twenty years of ground-based NDACC FTIR spectrometry at Iza\u00f1a Observatory\u2013overview and long-term comparison to other techniques","volume":"21","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., and Woollen, J. (2018). The NCEP\/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Renewable Energy, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315793245-16"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan, C., Zhang, H., Wang, W., Liu, C., Xie, Y., Hu, Q., and Jones, N. (2021). Retrieval of Stratospheric HNO3 and HCl Based on Ground-Based High-Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112159"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-15-6739-2022","article-title":"Retrieval of atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12 from high-resolution FTIR observations at Hefei and comparisons with other independent datasets","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-4783-2016","article-title":"First characterization and validation of FORLI-HNO3 vertical profiles retrieved from IASI\/Metop","volume":"9","author":"Ronsmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8549","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD06p08549","article-title":"Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory: 2. Analysis of the NOAA GMCC data, 1974\u20131985","volume":"94","author":"Thoning","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD031924","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031924","article-title":"Detection of HCOOH, CH3OH, CO, HCN, and C2H6 in Wildfire Plumes Transported Over Toronto Using Ground-Based FTIR Measurements From 2002\u20132018","volume":"125","author":"Yamanouchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1039\/b903198g","article-title":"Tropospheric trace gases at Bremen measured with FTIR spectrometry","volume":"11","author":"Salau","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1632486","article-title":"Unified equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line","volume":"72","author":"York","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900156","article-title":"Biomass burning as a source of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and hydrogen cyanide","volume":"26","author":"Holzinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5437","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-5437-2020","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared time series of tropospheric HCN in eastern China: Seasonality, interannual variability, and source attribution","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.857328","article-title":"A method to derive smoke emission rates from MODIS fire radiative energy measurements","volume":"43","author":"Ichoku","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32215","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01644","article-title":"Potential global fire monitoring from EOS-MODIS","volume":"103","author":"Kaufman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00070-1","article-title":"Fire radiative energy for quantitative study of biomass burning: Derivation from the BIRD experimental satellite and comparison to MODIS fire products","volume":"86","author":"Wooster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011218","article-title":"Seasonal variations of HCN over northern Japan measured by ground-based infrared solar spectroscopy","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8286","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070114","article-title":"Long-range transport of NH3, CO, HCN, and C2H6 from the 2014 Canadian wildfires","volume":"43","author":"Lutsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-2227-2015","article-title":"Identifying fire plumes in the Arctic with tropospheric FTIR measurements and transport models","volume":"15","author":"Viatte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18865","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00852","article-title":"Emissions from smoldering combustion of biomass measured by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","volume":"102","author":"Yokelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03965","article-title":"Spatial and Seasonal Dynamics of Ship Emissions over the Yangtze River Delta and East China Sea and Their Potential Environmental Influence","volume":"50","author":"Qianzhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"295","article-title":"An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories","volume":"47","author":"Draxler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11293","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-11293-2017","article-title":"Surface ozone at Nam Co in the inland Tibetan Plateau: Variation, synthesis comparison and regional representativeness","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.027","article-title":"Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the alpine global atmosphere watch stations Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpei\u00dfenberg (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria) and Mt.Krvavec (Slovenia)","volume":"41","author":"Kaiser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3586\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:03:42Z","timestamp":1760112222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16193586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16193586","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]}}}