{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:29:57Z","timestamp":1764937797390,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientifc and Technological Development (CNPq) for the research productivity grant of C.M.S.e.S.","award":["303802\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303802\/2017-0"]}]},{"name":"undergraduate research project (PIBIC\u2014CNPq\u2014UFOPA for M.L.B.)","award":["303802\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303802\/2017-0"]}]},{"name":"Productivity and Technological Development Scholarship Program (PQDT-UFOPA)","award":["303802\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303802\/2017-0"]}]},{"name":"PROPESP\/UFPA (PAPQ)","award":["303802\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303802\/2017-0"]}]},{"name":"Research Incentive Program\u2014PIP (PPBIO-UFOPA)","award":["303802\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303802\/2017-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With few measurement sites and a great need to validate satellite data to characterize the exchange of energy and carbon fluxes in tropical forest areas, quantified by the Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and associated with phenological measurements, there is an increasing need for studies aimed at characterizing the Amazonian environment in its biosphere\u2013atmosphere interaction, considering the accelerated deforestation in recent years. Using data from a flux measurement tower in the Caxiuan\u00e3-PA forest (2005\u20132008), climatic data, CO2 exchange estimated by eddy covariance, as well as Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) data and satellite vegetation indices (from MODIS), this work aimed to describe the site\u2019s energy, climatic and carbon cycle flux patterns, correlating its gross primary productivity with satellite vegetation indices. The results found were: (1) marked seasonality of climatic variables and energy flows, with evapotranspiration and air temperature on the site following the annual march of solar radiation and precipitation; (2) energy fluxes in phase and dependent on available energy; (3) the site as a carbon sink (\u2212569.7 \u00b1 444.9 gC m\u22122 year\u22121), with intensity varying according to the site\u2019s annual water availability; (4) low correlation between productivity data and vegetation indices, corroborating data in the literature on these variables in this type of ecosystem. The results show the importance of preserving this type of environment for the mitigation of global warming and the need to improve satellite estimates for this region. NDVI and EVI patterns follow radiative availability, as does LAI, but without direct capture related to GPP data, which correlates better with satellite data only in the months with the highest LAI. The results show the significant difference at a point measurement to a satellite interpolation, presenting how important preserving any type of environment is, even related to its size, for the global climate balance, and also the need to improve satellite estimates for smaller areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T06:10:27Z","timestamp":1727417427000},"page":"3606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Carbon and Energy Balance in a Primary Amazonian Forest and Its Relationship with Remote Sensing Estimates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mailson P.","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rommel B. C.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Biosphere Atmosphere in Amazon Program, LBA\/INPA, 1901, Bel\u00e9m 66077-830, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2251-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio M. Santos e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, PPG-Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Bergson G.","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Keila","family":"R\u00eago Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Larice A.","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Melahel L.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Sal\u00e9, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4072-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hildo Giuseppe Garcia Caldas","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Socio-Environmental and Water Resources, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Bel\u00e9m 66077-830, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7693-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Guilherme Martins","family":"Dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Wildfire Monitoring Program, National Institute for Space Research, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Theomar Trindade de Ara\u00fajo Tiburtino","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Sal\u00e9, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Raoni A.","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Sal\u00e9, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Lucas Vaz","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Sal\u00e9, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Alex Santos","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Sal\u00e9, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Petia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Natural Resources of the Amazon\u2014PPGRNA, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Hugo Pereira","family":"Moutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilderclay B.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Sal\u00e9, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Iolanda M. S.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8106-0560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Cesar da Rocha","family":"Seruffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Anthropic Studies in the Amazon Post-Graduate Program (PPGEAA), Federal University of Par\u00e1, Castanhal 68740-222, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Avner Brasileiro dos Santos","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Waldeir","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Biosciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGBIO), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5254-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Brito-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Interaction Biosphere-Atmosphere and Micrometeorology on Amazonia (IBAMA), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Natural Resources of the Amazon\u2014PPGRNA, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of West Par\u00e1, Rua Vera Paz s\/n, Santar\u00e9m 68040-255, Brazil"},{"name":"Anthropic Studies in the Amazon Post-Graduate Program (PPGEAA), Federal University of Par\u00e1, Castanhal 68740-222, Brazil"},{"name":"Biosciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGBIO), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"},{"name":"Biotechnology and Biodiversity\u2013Bionorte Network, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Guam\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, K.R., Campos, S., da Silva, L.L., Mutti, P.R., Ferreira, R.R., Medeiros, S.S., Perez-Marin, A.M., Marques, T.V., Ramos, T.M., and Vieira, M.M.d.L. 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