{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T21:06:04Z","timestamp":1775163964674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Projects of Qingdao Meteorological Bureau in 2023","award":["2023qdqxm03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023qdqxm03"]}]},{"name":"Research Projects of Qingdao Meteorological Bureau in 2023","award":["2023SDBD12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SDBD12"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Shandong Meteorological Bureau in 2023","award":["2023qdqxm03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023qdqxm03"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Shandong Meteorological Bureau in 2023","award":["2023SDBD12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SDBD12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study simulated the spatiotemporal changes in coastal ecosystem services (ESs) in the Jiaodong Peninsula from 2000 to 2050 and analyzed the driving mechanisms of climate change and human activities with respect to ESs, aiming to provide policy recommendations that promote regional sustainable development. Future climate change and land use were forecast based on scenarios from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model was used to assess ESs such as water yield (WY), carbon storage (CS), soil retention (SR), and habitat quality (HQ). Key drivers of ESs were identified using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results demonstrate the following: (1) High WY services are concentrated in coastal built-up areas, while high CS, HQ, and SR services are mainly found in the mountainous and hilly regions with extensive forests and grasslands. (2) By 2050, CS and HQ will show a gradual degradation trend, while the annual variations in WY and SR are closely related to precipitation. Among the different scenarios, the most severe ES degradation occurs under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, while the SSP1-2.6 scenario shows relatively less degradation. (3) SEM analysis indicates that urbanization leads to continuous declines in CS and HQ, with human activities and topographic factors controlling the spatial distribution of the four ESs. Climate factors can directly influence WY and SR, and their impact on ESs is stronger in scenarios with higher human activity intensity than in those with lower human activity intensity. (4) Considering the combined effects of human activities and climate change on ESs, we recommend that future development decisions be made to rationally control the intensity of human activities and give greater consideration to the impact of climate factors on ESs in the context of climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T11:19:33Z","timestamp":1727435973000},"page":"3614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Simulation and Forecast of Coastal Ecosystem Services in Jiaodong Peninsula Based on SSP-RCP Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Municipal People\u2019s Government Weather Modification Office, Qingdao Meteorological Bureau, Qingdao 266003, China"}]},{"given":"Ranghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Fanhui","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Ecological and Agricultural Meteorology Center, Qingdao Meteorological Bureau, Qingdao 266003, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25507-5","article-title":"Universal scaling of robustness of ecosystem services to species loss","volume":"12","author":"Ross","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[1915:HLTCAT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Habitat loss, trophic collapse, and the decline of ecosystem services","volume":"87","author":"Dobson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00272-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of woody-plant mortality under rising drought, CO2 and vapour pressure deficit","volume":"3","author":"McDowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.111760","article-title":"Unraveling carbon stock dynamics and their determinants in China\u2019s Loess Plateau over the past 40 years","volume":"159","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaai9214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai9214","article-title":"Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being","volume":"355","author":"Pecl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-015-1082-x","article-title":"Ecosystem services in changing land use","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2018.12.003","article-title":"Contributions of natural systems and human activity to greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"9","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Change Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edo, G.I., Itoje-akpokiniovo, L.O., Obasohan, P., Ikpekoro, V.O., Samuel, P.O., Jikah, A.N., Nosu, L.C., Ekokotu, H.A., Ugbune, U., and Oghroro, E.E.A. Impact of environmental pollution from human activities on water, air quality and climate change. Ecol. Front., 2024. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecofro.2024.02.014"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e02501","article-title":"Coastal wetland degradation and ecosystem service value change in the Yellow River Delta, China","volume":"44","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, C.S., Kargel, J.S., Regmi, D., Rupper, S., Maurer, J.M., and Karki, A. (2019). Shrinkage of Nepal\u2019s second largest lake (Phewa Tal) due to watershed degradation and increased sediment influx. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040444"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105458","article-title":"Identifying the dominant driving factors of heat waves in the North China Plain","volume":"252","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01112-8","article-title":"Increasing impact of warm droughts on northern ecosystem productivity over recent decades","volume":"11","author":"Gampe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16757-w","article-title":"Climate change will affect global water availability through compounding changes in seasonal precipitation and evaporation","volume":"11","author":"Konapala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2021.101334","article-title":"Wildfires impact on ecosystem service delivery in fire-prone maritime pine-dominated forests","volume":"50","author":"Taboada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125178","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic lessons to facilitate future engagement in the global climate crisis","volume":"290","author":"Perkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grima, N., Corcoran, W., Hill-James, C., Langton, B., Sommer, H., and Fisher, B. (2020). The importance of urban natural areas and urban ecosystem services during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243344"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J.Y., Guo, M., Wang, X., Yang, o., Zhang, Y.H., and Zhang, P.D. (2023). Dramatic loss of seagrass Zostera marina L. suitable habitat under projected climate change in coastal areas of the Bohai Sea and Shandong peninsula, China. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 565.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2023.151915"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124028","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad0860","article-title":"Ecosystem vulnerability to extreme climate in coastal areas of China","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, J., Yang, X.Y., Liu, J., Wang, M., and Li, J. (2022). Dominant change pattern of extreme precipitation and its potential causes in Shandong Province, China. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04905-9"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W., and Wang, R. (2024). Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ecological Environment Quality and Driving Factors in Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16093676"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"287","article-title":"The impact of anthropogenic activities on marine environment in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China: A review and a case study","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ai, B., Tian, Y., Wang, P., Gan, Y., Luo, F., and Shi, Q. (2022). Vulnerability analysis of coastal zone based on InVEST model in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116913"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156318","article-title":"High abundance of microplastics in groundwater in Jiaodong Peninsula, China","volume":"839","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111127","article-title":"Research on the effects of soil petroleum pollution concentration on the diversity of natural plant communities along the coastline of Jiaozhou bay","volume":"197","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Yang, C.h., Zhao, Y.c., Wang, Q., and Zhang, Q.p. (2023). Spatial correlations of land use carbon emissions in Shandong peninsula urban agglomeration: A perspective from city level using remote sensing data. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061488"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, K., Huang, M., Gong, D., Zhu, D., Lin, H., Xiao, C., Fan, Y., and Altan, O. (2024). A Novel Framework for Integrally Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Water Yield Services from Both Local and Global Perspectives. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16163008"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2023.07.001","article-title":"Assessing current and future soil erosion under changing land use based on InVEST and FLUS models in the Yihe River Basin, North China","volume":"12","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Ma, J., Zhang, C., and Yang, H. (2023). Spatio-temporal evolution and prediction of carbon storage in Guilin based on FLUS and InVEST models. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051445"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-12-253-2021","article-title":"Climate model projections from the scenario model intercomparison project (ScenarioMIP) of CMIP6","volume":"12","author":"Tebaldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-021-05691-2","article-title":"Temperature dataset of CMIP6 models over China: Evaluation, trend and uncertainty","volume":"57","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107936","article-title":"Coupled SSPs-RCPs scenarios to project the future dynamic variations of water-soil-carbon-biodiversity services in Central Asia","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118729","article-title":"Land use and habitat quality change in the Yellow River Basin: A perspective with different CMIP6-based scenarios and multiple scales","volume":"345","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169088","article-title":"A new assessment framework to forecast land use and carbon storage under different SSP-RCP scenarios in China","volume":"912","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111158","article-title":"Coastal habitat quality assessment and mapping in the terrestrial-marine continuum: Simulating effects of coastal management decisions","volume":"156","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Wilby, R.L., Charles, S.P., Zorita, E., Timbal, B., Whetton, P., and Mearns, L.O. (2020, January 04). Guidelines for Use of Climate Scenarios Developed from Statistical Downscaling Methods. Supporting Material of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Available from the DDC of IPCC TGCIA. 2004, Volume 27. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc-data.org\/guidelines\/dgm_no2_v1_09_2004.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"653","article-title":"Comparative analysis on downscaled climate scenarios for headwater catchment of Yellow River using SDS and delta methods","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2015.06.006","article-title":"Hydrological response to climate change: The Pearl River, China under different RCP scenarios","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.104953","article-title":"Evaluation of the ability of CMIP6 models to simulate precipitation over Southwestern South America: Climatic features and long-term trends (1901\u20132014)","volume":"241","author":"Rivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154967","article-title":"Impacts of land use\/land cover changes on ecosystem services in ecologically fragile regions","volume":"831","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, F., Yang, Q., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Cheng, L., Yao, B., and Lu, Q. (2023). Changes in land use and ecosystem service values of Dunhuang Oasis from 1990 to 2030. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030564"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.09.019","article-title":"A future land use simulation model (FLUS) for simulating multiple land use scenarios by coupling human and natural effects","volume":"168","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2018.1502441","article-title":"Urban growth simulation by incorporating planning policies into a CA-based future land-use simulation model","volume":"32","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Yang, D., Cao, L., and Anderson, B. (2022). Assessment and prediction of carbon storage based on land use\/land cover dynamics in the tropics: A case study of hainan island, China. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11020244"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Y., Liu, L., and Huang, J. (2017). Integrating the SD-CLUE-S and InVEST models into assessment of oasis carbon storage in northwestern China. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172494"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173828","article-title":"Climate and land use changes impact the trajectories of ecosystem service bundles in an urban agglomeration: Intricate interaction trends and driver identification under SSP-RCP scenarios","volume":"944","author":"Ai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158940","article-title":"The role of land use change in affecting ecosystem services and the ecological security pattern of the Hexi Regions, Northwest China","volume":"855","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ureta, J.C., Clay, L., Motallebi, M., and Ureta, J. (2020). Quantifying the landscape\u2019s ecological benefits\u2014An analysis of the effect of land cover change on ecosystem services. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10010021"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N.P., and Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-016-0063-3","article-title":"Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: An updated review","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158443","article-title":"Influential paths of ecosystem services on human well-being in the context of the sustainable development goals","volume":"852","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0807\/33\/2\/295","article-title":"Clausius\u2013Clapeyron equation and saturation vapour pressure: Simple theory reconciled with practice","volume":"33","author":"Koutsoyiannis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-021-00177-z","article-title":"Precipitation extremes and water vapor: Relationships in current climate and implications for climate change","volume":"8","author":"Neelin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Clim. Change Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., P\u00f6rtner, H.O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., and Shukla, P.R. (2022). Global Warming of 1.5 C: IPCC Special Report on Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 C above Pre-Industrial Levels in Context of Strengthening Response to Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106020","article-title":"Agricultural water demands in Central Asia under 1.5 C and 2.0 C global warming","volume":"231","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126814","article-title":"Climate change impacts and uncertainty on spatiotemporal variations of drought indices for an irrigated catchment","volume":"601","author":"Seidenfaden","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2022.105635","article-title":"An evolving marine environment and its driving forces of algal blooms in the Southern Yellow Sea of China","volume":"178","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110107","article-title":"Vulnerability of mariculture areas to oil-spill stress in waters north of the Shandong Peninsula, China","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Budyko, M.I., and Miller, D.H. (1974). Climate and Life, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.02.033","article-title":"Roots, storms and soil pores: Incorporating key ecohydrological processes into Budyko\u2019s hydrological model","volume":"436","author":"Donohue","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Fischer, G., Nachtergaele, F., Prieler, S., Van Velthuizen, H., Verelst, L., and Wiberg, D. (2008). Global Agro-Ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008), FAO."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hengl, T., Mendes de Jesus, J., Heuvelink, G.B., Ruiperez Gonzalez, M., Kilibarda, M., Blagoti\u0107, A., Shangguan, W., Wright, M.N., Geng, O., and Bauer-Marschallinger, B. (2017). SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine learning. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169748"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"90","article-title":"A dataset of carbon density in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems (2010s)","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Wischmeier, W.H., and Smith, D.D. (2024, August 01). Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning; Number 537, Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Available online: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/60600505\/RUSLE\/AH_537%20Predicting%20Rainfall%20Soil%20Losses.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"381","article-title":"EPIC: A new method for assessing erosion\u2019s effect on soil productivity","volume":"38","author":"Williams","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"7","article-title":"Soil erodibility values and their estimation in China","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Pedofil. Sin"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"427","article-title":"A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units","volume":"51","author":"Desmet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107967","article-title":"Evolution of habitat quality and association with land-use changes in mountainous areas: A case study of the Taihang Mountains in Hebei Province, China","volume":"129","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105446","article-title":"Understanding trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services to support the decision-making in the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei region","volume":"106","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:05:24Z","timestamp":1760112324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16193614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16193614","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]}}}