{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T13:21:12Z","timestamp":1761312072560,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yokohama Port and Airport Technology Investigation Office, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","award":["20K14836","22H05716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K14836","22H05716"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","award":["20K14836","22H05716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K14836","22H05716"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K14836","22H05716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K14836","22H05716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study identifies the characteristics of water regions with negative normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw(\u03bb)) values in the satellite observations of the Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI) sensor aboard the Global Change Observation Mission\u2013Climate (GCOM-C) satellite. SGLI Level-2 data, along with atmospheric and in-water optical properties measured by the sun photometers in the AErosol RObotic NETwork-Ocean Color (AERONET-OC) from 26 sites globally, are utilized in this study. The focus is particularly on Tokyo Bay and the Ariake Sea, semi-enclosed water regions in Japan where previous research has pointed out the occurrence of negative nLw(\u03bb) values due to atmospheric correction with SGLI. The study examines the temporal changes in atmospheric and in-water optical properties in these two regions, and identifies the characteristics of regions prone to negative nLw(\u03bb) values due to atmospheric correction by comparing the optical properties of these regions with those of 24 other AERONET-OC sites. The time series results of nLw(\u03bb) and the single-scattering albedo (\u03c9(\u03bb)) obtained by the sun photometers at the two sites in Tokyo Bay and Ariake Sea, along with SGLI nLw(\u03bb), indicate the occurrence of negative values in SGLI nLw(\u03bb) in blue band regions, which are mainly attributed to the inflow of absorptive aerosols. However, these negative values are not entirely explained by \u03c9(\u03bb) at 443 nm alone. Additionally, a comparison of in situ nLw(\u03bb) measurements in Tokyo Bay and the Ariake Sea with nLw(\u03bb) values obtained from 24 other AERONET-OC sites, as well as the inherent optical properties (IOPs) estimated through the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm version 5 (QAA_v5), identified five sites\u2014Gulf of Riga, Long Island Sound, Lake Vanern, the Tokyo Bay, and Ariake Sea\u2014as regions where negative nLw(\u03bb) values are more likely to occur. These regions also tend to have lower nLw(\u03bb)\u00a0 values at shorter wavelengths. Furthermore, relatively high light absorption by phytoplankton and colored dissolved organic matter, plus non-algal particles, was confirmed in these regions. This occurs because atmospheric correction processing excessively subtracts aerosol light scattering due to the influence of aerosol absorption, increasing the probability of the occurrence of negative nLw(\u03bb) values. Based on the analysis of atmospheric and in-water optical measurements derived from AERONET-OC in this study, it was found that negative nLw(\u03bb)\u00a0 values due to atmospheric correction are more likely to occur in water regions characterized by both the presence of absorptive aerosols in the atmosphere and high light absorption by in-water substances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T05:45:27Z","timestamp":1727675127000},"page":"3626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optical Characterization of Coastal Waters with Atmospheric Correction Errors: Insights from SGLI and AERONET-OC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Higa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Innovation, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Muto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Former Department of Civil Engineering, College of Urban Sciences, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7707-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salem Ibrahim","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 18 Yamanouchi, Gotanda, Ukyo, Kyoto 615-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Lotfy El-Sied St. Off Gamal Abd El-Naser-Alexandria, Alexandria 11432, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2613-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joji","family":"Ishizaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Toratani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Information Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1207, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kuniaki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HOLONIX International, Motohama-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0004, Japan"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Maupin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMEL, Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3045-2377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephane","family":"Victori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMEL, Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urabe, T., Okamura, Y., Tanaka, K., and Mokuno, M. 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