{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:49Z","timestamp":1792790089458,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2023YFWZ0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFWZ0007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Droughts have a significant impact on surface water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Computational and data handling limitations have constrained previous time-series analyses. However, advances in cloud computing services and remote sensing technology allow for a more detailed examination. This study integrates multi-source satellite-derived data with a cloud computing platform to assess the impact of long-term drought on surface water and water balance in Iran from 2000 to 2021. Given the varying effects of drought on highlands and lowlands, the analysis was conducted at three levels: the entire country, the highlands, and the lowlands. The results of this study reveal imbalances between water balance from 2000 to 2021, with notable disparities observed during 2000\u20132007, 2009\u20132014, and 2016\u20132019. The results also show varying drought trends (e.g., \u22121.22 in 2000 and \u22120.73 in 2021), with severe conditions captured in 2008 (SPI: \u22121.92). Additionally, our analysis illustrated that lowlands were more impacted by droughts compared to highlands. Long-term drought and permanent surface water had correlation values of 0.33 across the country, 0.33 in the highlands, and 0.31 in the lowlands. For seasonal surface water, coefficients were 0.18 for the entire country, 0.16 for the highlands, and 0.18 for the lowlands. Overall, long-term drought had minimal effect on reducing surface water. These findings show that drought is only part of the explanation for the decrease in surface water resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T05:45:27Z","timestamp":1727675127000},"page":"3636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Impact of Long-Term Drought on Surface Water and Water Balance Variations in Iran: Insights from Highland and Lowland Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7195-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Kazemi Garajeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, Via Nazario Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Abdoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Seyedebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1214-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Naboureh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Digital Mountain and Remote Sensing Application, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Kurdpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8213-0305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Reza","family":"Bakhshi Lomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Surveying Engineer, Transport for London, London SE10 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7717-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Sadeqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8724-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saham","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council, C\/da S. 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