{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:56:31Z","timestamp":1771275391430,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drought is a widespread natural hazard resulting from an extended period of reduced rainfall, with significant socioeconomic and ecological consequences. Drought severity can impact food security globally due to its high spatial and temporal coverage. The primary objective of this paper consists of a comparative spatiotemporal analysis of environmental extremes (drought\/wetness) through the estimation of a twelve-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI12) between three distinct vulnerable agricultural regions in the Mediterranean basin (i.e., Spain, Lebanon and Tunisia), under a climate change environment in the last 38 years (1982\u20132020). The added value of this paper lies in the simultaneous estimation of temporal and spatial variability of drought and wetness periodic events, paying special attention to the geographical patterns of these extremes both in annual and interannual (seasonal) time scales. The results indicated that Spain and Tunisia (western Mediterranean) exhibit similar patterns over the studied period, while Lebanon demonstrates contrasting trends. Comparing the two extreme dry hydrological years, the Spanish study area faced the highest drought intensity, areal extent and duration (SPI12 = \u22121.18; \u22121.84; 28\u201378%; 9\u201312 months), followed by the Lebanese (SPI12 = \u22121.28; \u22121.39; 37\u201350%; 7\u201312 months) and the Tunisian ones (SPI12 = \u22121.05; \u22121.08; 10\u201334%; 8 months). Concerning the wettest hydrological years, the Lebanese study domain has recorded the highest SPI12 values, areal extent and duration (SPI12 = 1.58; 2.28; 66\u201383%; 8\u201311 months), followed by the Tunisian (SPI12 = 1.55; 1.79; 49\u201373%; 7\u201310 months) and Spanish one (SPI12 = 1.07; 1.99; 21\u201373%; 4\u201311 months). The periodicity of drought\/wetness episodes is about 20 years in Spanish area and 10 years in the Lebanese area (for drought events), whereas there seems no periodicity in the Tunisian one. Understanding the spatial distribution of drought is crucial for targeted mitigation strategies in high-risk areas, potentially avoiding broad, resource-intensive measures across entire regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T05:45:27Z","timestamp":1727675127000},"page":"3652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Remotely Sensed Comparative Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought and Wet Periods in Distinct Mediterranean Agroecosystems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5369-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros","family":"Sakellariou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece"}]},{"given":"Nicolas R.","family":"Dalezios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6992-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Spiliotopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Alpanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5260-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Faraslis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6660-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios A.","family":"Tziatzios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6764-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pantelis","family":"Sidiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hydraulic Works and Environmental Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Dercas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1347-6310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Center of Water Research (CREA), University of Castilla\u2014La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Albacete, Spain"}]},{"given":"Higinio Mart\u00ednez","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Center of Water Research (CREA), University of Castilla\u2014La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Albacete, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto T\u00e9cnico Agron\u00f3mico Provincial de Albacete (ITAP), Segunda Avenida 61, 02007 Albacete, Albacete, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1910-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"L\u00f3pez-Urrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-UV-GVA, Carretera CV 315, km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut P.O. Box 6573\/14, Lebanon"}]},{"given":"Hacib","family":"Amami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute for Rural Engineering, Water, and Forestry (INRGREF), H\u00e9di Karrai Street, P.O. Box 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Radhouan","family":"Nsiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Field Crops (INGC), B.P 120, Bousalem 8170, Tunisia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalezios, N.R., Dunkel, Z., and Eslamian, S. (2017). Meteorological Drought Indices: Definitions. Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315404219-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076521","article-title":"Global Changes in Drought Conditions Under Different Levels of Warming","volume":"45","author":"Naumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. 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