{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T09:48:49Z","timestamp":1776764929001,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","award":["#80NSSC21K1166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#80NSSC21K1166"]}]},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","award":["#2218834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2218834"]}]},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","award":["#GGR05A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#GGR05A"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF) Arctic Observing Network","award":["#80NSSC21K1166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#80NSSC21K1166"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF) Arctic Observing Network","award":["#2218834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2218834"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF) Arctic Observing Network","award":["#GGR05A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#GGR05A"]}]},{"name":"Western Washington University Graduate Research and Creative Opportunities Grant","award":["#80NSSC21K1166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#80NSSC21K1166"]}]},{"name":"Western Washington University Graduate Research and Creative Opportunities Grant","award":["#2218834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2218834"]}]},{"name":"Western Washington University Graduate Research and Creative Opportunities Grant","award":["#GGR05A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#GGR05A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates the ability of a relatively low cost, commercially available uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), the DJI Mavic 3 Multispectral, to perform cryospheric research. The performance of this UAV, where applicable, is compared to a similar but higher cost system, the DJI Matrice 350, equipped with a Micasense RedEdge-MX Multispectral dual-camera system. The Mavic 3 Multispectral was tested at three field sites: the Lemon Creek Glacier, Juneau Icefield, AK; the Easton Glacier, Mt. Baker, WA; and Bagley Basin, Mt. Baker, WA. This UAV proved capable of mapping the spatial distribution of red snow algae on the surface of the Lemon Creek Glacier using both spectral indices and a random forest supervised classification method. The UAV was able to assess the timing of snowmelt and changes in suncup morphology on snow-covered areas within the Bagley Basin. Finally, the UAV was able to classify glacier surface features using a random forest algorithm with an overall accuracy of 68%. The major advantages of this UAV are its low weight, which allows it to be easily transported into the field, its low cost compared to other alternatives, and its ease of use. One limitation would be the omission of a blue multispectral band, which would have allowed it to more easily classify glacial ice and snow features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T03:57:52Z","timestamp":1727755072000},"page":"3662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Applicability of Relatively Low-Cost Multispectral Uncrewed Aerial Systems for Surface Characterization of the Cryosphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Colby F.","family":"Rand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4425-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alia L.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Meredith, M., Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A., Hollowed, A., Kofinas, G., Mackintosh, A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., and Muelbert, M.M.C. 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