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focus of extensive research. Previous studies on the density structure of the South China Sea mostly focused on 2D density structures, with relatively limited research on 3D density structures. A comprehensive study is still needed to refine the expansion mechanism and tectonic evolution of the South China Sea. In this study, we utilized wavelet multi-scale analysis of gravity data to obtain a 3D density model of the South China Sea and discussed its tectonic evolution from the pattern of density anomalies. The inversion results show that (1) the expansion of the South China Sea caused the typical thin oceanic crust and parts of the continent\u2013ocean transition zone may fracture due to the expansion; (2) the low-density anomaly in the upper mantle of Luzon Island may indicate partial melting or the upwelling of asthenosphere materials; and (3) the expansion of the South China Sea is influenced by multiple plate forces and uneven forces affect the distribution of high-density anomalies in the upper mantle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T11:08:47Z","timestamp":1727780927000},"page":"3675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The 3D Density Structure of the South China Sea Based on Wavelet Multi-Scale Analysis of Gravity Data and Its Tectonic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8223-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Cross Research Institute of Ocean Engineering Safety and Sustainable Development, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"National Precise Gravity Measurement Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Shiquan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Haopeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3216-6614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hangtao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Jinbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"given":"Feiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Juntao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9402-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EA000658","article-title":"Global Bathymetry and Topography at 15 Arc Sec: SRTM15+","volume":"6","author":"Tozer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Xu, C., Chen, H., Chai, Y., Qin, P., Wang, G., Zhang, H., Xu, M., Xing, C., and Wang, H. 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