{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:48:23Z","timestamp":1773708503033,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41774160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41774160"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42374207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374207"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202005AF150025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202005AF150025"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["41774160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41774160"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42374207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374207"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["202005AF150025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202005AF150025"]}]},{"name":"Pandeng Program of the National Space Science Center, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Academician Workstation of Wang Jingxiu","award":["41774160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41774160"]}]},{"name":"Pandeng Program of the National Space Science Center, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Academician Workstation of Wang Jingxiu","award":["42374207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374207"]}]},{"name":"Pandeng Program of the National Space Science Center, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Academician Workstation of Wang Jingxiu","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Pandeng Program of the National Space Science Center, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Academician Workstation of Wang Jingxiu","award":["202005AF150025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202005AF150025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The response of NO emission at 5.3 \u03bcm in the thermosphere to the geomagnetic storm on 24 April 2023 is analyzed using TIMED\/SABER observations and TIEGCM simulations. Both the observations and the simulations indicate a significant enhancement in NO emission during the storm. Observations show two peaks around 50\u00b0S\/N in the altitude\u2013latitude distribution of NO emission and its relative variation. Additionally, the peak emission and enhancement are stronger on the nightside compared with the dayside. The peak altitude in the Northern Hemisphere is approximately 2\u201310 km higher than in the Southern Hemisphere; meanwhile, the peak altitude on the dayside is approximately 2\u20138 km higher than that on the nightside. Simulations reveal three peaks around 50\u00b0S, the equator, and 65\u00b0N, with peak altitudes at higher latitudes being slightly lower than those observed. In general, the altitude\u2013latitude distribution structure of the relative variation in simulated NO emission matches observations, with two peaks around 50\u00b0S\/N. TIEGCM simulations suggest that the increase in NO density and temperature during a geomagnetic storm can lead to an increase in NO emission at most altitudes and latitudes. Furthermore, the significant enhancement around 50\u00b0S\/N is mainly attributed to the changes in NO density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T11:29:24Z","timestamp":1727868564000},"page":"3683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Response of NO 5.3 \u03bcm Emission to the Geomagnetic Storm on 24 April 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongshan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9641-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Weather, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Jiyao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Longchang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongmu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Astronomy and Information, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1029\/93JA02015","article-title":"Response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to geomagnetic storms","volume":"99","author":"Codrescu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. 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