{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:09:02Z","timestamp":1776395342571,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["TED2021-130744B-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/Uni\u00f3n Europea NextGenerationEU\/PRTR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130744B-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/Uni\u00f3n Europea NextGenerationEU\/PRTR"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["PID2021-128021OB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128021OB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["2908\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2908\/22"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["PID2022-137623OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137623OA-I00"]}]},{"name":"National Park Research Program","award":["TED2021-130744B-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/Uni\u00f3n Europea NextGenerationEU\/PRTR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130744B-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/Uni\u00f3n Europea NextGenerationEU\/PRTR"]}]},{"name":"National Park Research Program","award":["PID2021-128021OB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128021OB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER"]}]},{"name":"National Park Research Program","award":["2908\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2908\/22"]}]},{"name":"National Park Research Program","award":["PID2022-137623OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137623OA-I00"]}]},{"name":"FEDER, UE","award":["TED2021-130744B-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/Uni\u00f3n Europea NextGenerationEU\/PRTR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130744B-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/Uni\u00f3n Europea NextGenerationEU\/PRTR"]}]},{"name":"FEDER, UE","award":["PID2021-128021OB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128021OB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER"]}]},{"name":"FEDER, UE","award":["2908\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2908\/22"]}]},{"name":"FEDER, UE","award":["PID2022-137623OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137623OA-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research studies the characteristics of snow-covered area (SCA) from two vastly different sensors: optical (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, or MODIS, equipped on board the Terra satellite) and radar (Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on-board Sentinel-1 satellites). The focus are the five mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula (Cantabrian System, Central System, Iberian Range, Pyrenees, and Sierra Nevada). The MODIS product was selected to identify SCA dynamics in these ranges using the Probability of Snow Cover Presence Index (PSCPI). In addition, we evaluate the potential advantage of the use of SAR remote sensing to complete optical SCA under cloudy conditions. For this purpose, we utilize the Copernicus High-Resolution Snow and Ice SAR Wet Snow (HRS&amp;I SWS) product. The Pyrenees and the Sierra Nevada showed longer-lasting SCA duration and a higher PSCPI throughout the average year. Moreover, we demonstrate that the latitude gradient has a significant influence on the snowline elevation in the Iberian mountains (R2 \u2265 0.84). In the Iberian mountains, a general negative SCA trend is observed due to the recent climate change impacts, with a particularly pronounced decline in the winter months (December and January). Finally, in the Pyrenees, we found that wet snow detection has high potential for the spatial gap-filling of MODIS SCA in spring, contributing above 27% to the total SCA. Notably, the additional SCA provided in winter is also significant. Based on the results obtained in the Pyrenees, we can conclude that implementing techniques that combine SAR and optical satellite sensors for SCA detection may provide valuable additional SCA data for the other Iberian mountains, in which the radar product is not available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:30:18Z","timestamp":1728286218000},"page":"3705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Synergistic Potential of Optical and Radar Remote Sensing for Snow Cover Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0547-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-David","family":"Hidalgo-Hidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Geological Survey, Water and Global Change Research, 18006 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5693-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio-Juan","family":"Collados-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7985-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Pulido-Velazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Geological Survey, Water and Global Change Research, 18006 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5270-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven R.","family":"Fassnacht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Geological Survey, Water and Global Change Research, 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"ESS-Watershed Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1476, USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1375, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8286-5443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Husillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Geological Survey, Unit of Development and Dissemination of Information Systems, 18006 Granada, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-007-0226-0","article-title":"The role of terrestrial snow cover in the climate system","volume":"29","author":"Vavrus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1983)111<1013:AMSOTS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A model study of the short-term climatic and hydrologic effects of sudden snow-cover removal","volume":"111","author":"Yeh","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0305-3","article-title":"Importance of snow and glacier meltwater for agriculture on the Indo-Gangetic Plain","volume":"2","author":"Biemans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0746-8","article-title":"Agricultural risks from changing snowmelt","volume":"10","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013039830323","article-title":"Colder soils in a Warmer World: A snow manipulation study in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem","volume":"56","author":"Groffman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1890\/120222","article-title":"The subnivium: A deteriorating seasonal refugium","volume":"11","author":"Pauli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0311-x","article-title":"Snow cover is a neglected driver of Arctic biodiversity loss","volume":"8","author":"Niittynen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/00369220118737130","article-title":"A preliminary assessment of the socio-economic and environmental impacts of recent changes in winter snow cover in Scotland","volume":"117","author":"Harrison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scott. Geogr. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2019.06.004","article-title":"Valuating service loss of snow cover in Irtysh River Basin","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143025","article-title":"Snow cover loss compounding the future economic vulnerability of western China","volume":"755","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Gen\u00e9, J., S\u00e1nchez-Pulido, L., Cristobal-Fransi, E., and Daries, N. (2018). The Economic Sustainability of Snow Tourism: The Case of Ski Resorts in Austria, France, and Italy. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10093012"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2020.1770683","article-title":"Snow tourism and economic sustainability: The financial situation of ski resorts in Spain","volume":"52","author":"Daries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2022.102637","article-title":"A market for snow: Modeling winter recreation patterns under current and future climate","volume":"113","author":"Parthum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03000365","article-title":"Snow and glacier melt runoff model to estimate hydropower potential","volume":"30","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13473","article-title":"Potentially modified hydropower production under climate change in the Italian Alps","volume":"33","author":"Bombelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2018.12.010","article-title":"A distributed cellular automata model to simulate potential future impacts of climate change on snow cover area","volume":"124","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140485","article-title":"Estimation of the spatiotemporal dynamic of snow water equivalent at mountain range scale under data scarcity","volume":"741","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147776","article-title":"Assessing the impact of climate change\u2014and its uncertainty\u2014on snow cover areas by using cellular automata models and stochastic weather generators","volume":"788","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.04.058","article-title":"Estimation of the spatiotemporal dynamics of snow covered area by using cellular automata models","volume":"550","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11165","article-title":"Spatiotemporal estimation of snow depth using point data from snow stakes, digital terrain models, and satellite data","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13574","article-title":"Optimal design of snow stake networks to estimate snow depth in an alpine mountain range","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimeno-S\u00e1ez, P., Pulido-Velazquez, D., Collados-Lara, A.-J., Pardo-Ig\u00fazquiza, E., Senent-Aparicio, J., and Baena-Ruiz, L. (2020). A preliminary assessment of the \u201cundercatching\u201d and the precipitation pattern in an alpine basin. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12041061"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127981","article-title":"Comparison of sequential and variational assimilation methods to improve hydrological predictions in snow dominated mountainous catchments","volume":"612","author":"Uysal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2015.1084551","article-title":"Global SnowPack: A new set of snow cover parameters for studying status and dynamics of the planetary snow cover extent","volume":"6","author":"Dietz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Let."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.078","article-title":"Shifting mountain snow patterns in a changing climate from remote sensing retrieval","volume":"493","author":"Dedieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111781","article-title":"Hotspots of snow cover changes in global mountain regions over 2000\u20132018","volume":"243","author":"Notarnicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.023","article-title":"A 38-year (1978\u20132015) Northern Hemisphere daily snow cover extent product derived using consistent objective criteria from satellite-borne optical sensors","volume":"191","author":"Hori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.013","article-title":"Using MODIS snow cover maps in modeling snowmelt runoff process in the eastern part of Turkey","volume":"97","author":"Tekeli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4902-1_1","article-title":"Modis-based flood detection, mapping and measurement: The potential for operational hydrological applications","volume":"Volume 72","author":"Marsalek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nato Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR021899","article-title":"How does snow persistence relate to annual streamflow in mountain watersheds of the western U.S. with wet maritime and dry continental climates?","volume":"54","author":"Hammond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6715","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of the MODIS snow products","volume":"21","author":"Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3189\/1998AoG26-1-149-155","article-title":"Determination of snow-covered area in different land covers in central Alaska, U.S.A. from aircraft data\u2014April 1995","volume":"26","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"100414","article-title":"Limitations of cloud cover for optical remote sensing of agricultural areas across South America","volume":"20","author":"Prudente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112766","article-title":"Snow cover detection in mid-latitude mountainous and polar regions using nighttime light data","volume":"268","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, K., Zhang, E., Xia, M., Weng, L., and Lin, H. (2023). MCANet: A Multi-Branch Network for Cloud\/Snow Segmentation in High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041055"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10907","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2022.2043450","article-title":"Wet snow detection using dual-polarized Sentinel-1 SAR time series data considering different land categories","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karbou, F., Veyssi\u00e8re, G., Coleou, C., Dufour, A., Gouttevin, I., Durand, P., Gascoin, S., and Grizonnet, M. (2021). Monitoring Wet Snow Over an Alpine Region Using Sentinel-1 Observations. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030381"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, N., Dietz, N., Oppelt, N., and Kuenzer, N. (2019). Wet and Dry Snow Detection Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data for Mountainous Areas with a Machine Learning Technique. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080895"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2007.029","article-title":"Operational readiness of microwave remote sensing of soil moisture for hydrologic applications","volume":"38","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1109\/36.842004","article-title":"Retrieval of wet snow by means of multitemporal SAR data","volume":"38","author":"Nagler","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagler, T., Rott, H., Ripper, E., Bippus, G., and Hetzenecker, M. (2016). Advancements for snowmelt monitoring by means of sentinel-1 SAR. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040348"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees, W.G. (2005). Physical Properties of Snow and Ice. Book Remote Sensing of Snow and Ice, CRC Press Books. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367801069"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168408948816","article-title":"Snow mapping with active microwave sensors","volume":"5","author":"Schanda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Rott, H. (1985, January 19\u201323). Prospects of microwave remote sensing for snow hydrology. Proceedings of the Cocoa Beach Workshop, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500000604","article-title":"Possibilities and Limits of Synthetic Aperture Radar for Snow and Glacier Surveying","volume":"9","author":"Rott","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attema, E., Davidson, M., Snoeij, P., Rommen, B., and Floury, N. (2009, January 12\u201317). Sentinel-1 mission overview. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2009.5416921"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.10.077","article-title":"Assessing impacts of future potential climate change scenarios on aquifer recharge in continental Spain","volume":"567","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2007.09.002","article-title":"Iberia winter rainfall trends based upon changes in teleconnection and circulation patterns","volume":"63","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Castro, M.D., Mart\u00edn-Vide, J., and Alonso Oroza, S. (2005). El clima de Espa\u00f1a: Pasado, presente y escenarios de clima para el siglo XXI. Evaluaci\u00f3n Preliminar de los Impactos en Espa\u00f1a por Efecto del Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"477","article-title":"Snow climatology for the mountains in the Iberian Peninsula using satellite imagery and simulations with dynamically downscaled reanalysis data","volume":"40","author":"Revuelto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90101-6","article-title":"Spectral signature of alpine snow cover from the Landsat thematic mapper","volume":"28","author":"Dozier","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.10.016","article-title":"Estimating fractional snow cover from MODIS using the normalized difference snow index","volume":"89","author":"Salomonson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.876029","article-title":"Development of the Aqua MODIS NDSI fractional snow cover algorithm and validation results","volume":"44","author":"Salomonson","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-1629-2018","article-title":"On the need for a time- and location-dependent estimation of the NDSI threshold value for reducing existing uncertainties in snow cover maps at different scales","volume":"12","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125548","article-title":"Mapping snow cover from daily Collection 6 MODIS products over Austria","volume":"590","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00e9ry, S.J., and Brown, R.D. (2007). Recent Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent trends and implications for the snow-albedo feedback. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031474"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the Regression Coefficient Based on Kendall\u2019s Tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729437","article-title":"Asymptotic Theory of Certain \u00abGoodness of Fit\u00bb Criteria Based on Stochastic Processes","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1954.10501232","article-title":"A Test of Goodness of Fit","volume":"49","author":"Anderson","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peral Garc\u00eda, M.C., Navascu\u00e9s, B., and Ramos Calzado, P. (2017). Serie de precipitaci\u00f3n diaria en rejilla con fines clim\u00e1ticos. Nota T\u00e9cnica 24 de AEMET, AEMET.","DOI":"10.31978\/014-17-009-5"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5194\/asr-17-191-2020","article-title":"High resolution climate change projections for the Pyrenees region","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153128","article-title":"The impact of climate change scenarios on droughts and their propagation in an arid Mediterranean basin. A useful approach for planning adaptation strategies","volume":"820","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo-Hidalgo, J.D., Collados-Lara, A.J., Pulido-Velazquez, D., Rueda-Valdivia, F.J., and Pardo-Ig\u00fazquiza, E. (2022). Analysis of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on climatic droughts, snow dynamics and the correlation between them. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0291.v1"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-22-599-2022","article-title":"An approach to identify the best climate models for the assessment of climate change impacts on meteorological and hydrological droughts","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5517","article-title":"Precipitation fields in an alpine Mediterranean catchment: Inversion of precipitation gradient with elevation or undercatch of snowfall?","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collados-Lara, A.J., Fassnacht, S.R., Pardo-Ig\u00fazquiza, E., and Pulido-Velazquez, D. (2020). Assessment of high-resolution air temperature fields at Rocky Mountain National Park by combining scarce point measurements with elevation and remote sensing data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010113"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"E1435","article-title":"Intra-day variability of temperature and its near-surface gradient with elevation over mountainous terrain: Comparing MODIS land surface temperature data with coarse and fine scale near-surface measurements","volume":"41","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(199604)16:4<361::AID-JOC53>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Calculating regional climatic time series for temperature and precipitation: Methods and illustrations","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Riggs, G.A., Hall, D.K., and Roman, M.O. (2023, May 25). MODIS Snow Products Collection 6 User Guide, Available online: https:\/\/modis-snow-ice.gsfc.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"11620","article-title":"Validation of MODIS cloud mask and multilayer flag using CloudSat-CALIPSO cloud profiles and a cross-reference of their cloud classifications","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simic, A., Fernandes, R., Brown, R., Romanov, P., Park, W., and Hall, D.K. (2003, January 21\u201325). Validation of MODIS, VEGETATION, and GOES+SSM\/I snow cover products over Canada based on surface snow depth observations. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.4095\/220008"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5914","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations of cloud fraction based on circulation types in the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"39","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"2113","article-title":"A daytime over land algorithm for computing AVHRR convective cloud climatologies for the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands","volume":"33","author":"Connell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4102","article-title":"AVHRR warm-season cloud climatologies under various synoptic regimes across the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2190720","article-title":"Wet Snow Cover Mapping Algorithm Based on Multitemporal COSMO-SkyMed X-Band SAR Images","volume":"5","author":"Schellenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth. Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00048-6","article-title":"A microwave polarimetric scattering model for forest canopies based on vector radiative transfer theory","volume":"53","author":"Karam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127574","article-title":"Combined influence of maximum accumulation and melt rates on the duration of the seasonal snowpack over temperate mountains","volume":"608","author":"Revuelto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01014-9","article-title":"Winter melt trends portend widespread declines in snow water resources","volume":"2021","author":"Musselman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12331","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL079511","article-title":"Slower snowmelt in spring along with climate warming across the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2023.107042","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dipole variations of spring snowmelt over Eurasia","volume":"295","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"307","article-title":"Warmer climate: Less or more snow?","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa70cb","article-title":"Different sensitivities of snowpacks to warming in Mediterranean climate mountain areas","volume":"12","author":"Gascoin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fassnacht, S.R., Patterson, G.G., Venable, N.B.H., Cherry, M.L., Pfohl, A.K.D., Sanow, J.E., and Tedesche, M.E. (2020). How do we define climate change? Considering the temporal resolution of niveo-meteorological data. Hydrology, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology7030038"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3225","article-title":"Slower snowmelt in a warmer world","volume":"7","author":"Musselman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Verzano, K., and Menzel, L. (2009). Snow conditions in mountains and climate change\u2014A global view. IAHS-AISH Publ., 147\u2013154. Available online: https:\/\/www.cabdirect.org\/cabdirect\/abstract\/20093172872."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.255","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on snow accumulation and melting processes over mountainous regions in Northern California during the 21st century","volume":"685","author":"Ishida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.07.006","article-title":"Assimilation of meteorological and remote sensing data for snowmelt runoff forecasting","volume":"112","author":"Nagler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1109\/36.406676","article-title":"Inferring snow wetness using C-band data from SIR-C\u2019s polarimetric synthetic aperture radar","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/02757258709532086","article-title":"Applications of the interaction of microwaves with the natural snow cover","volume":"2","year":"1987","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1984.350604","article-title":"Snow cover Influence on Backscattering from Terrain","volume":"22","author":"Ulaby","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"L\u00f6w, A., Ludwig, R., and Mauser, W. (2002, January 11\u201314). Land use dependent snow cover retrieval using multitemporal, multisensoral SAR images to drive operational flood forecasting models. Proceedings of the EARSeL-LISSIG-Workshop on Observing our Cryosphere from Space, Bern, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagler, T., Rott, H., Ossowska, J., Schwaizer, G., Small, D., Malnes, E., and Pinnock, S. (2018, January 22\u201327). Snow cover monitoring by synergistic use of Sentinel-3 Slstr and Sentinel-L Sar data. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8518203"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Baghdadi, N.A., and Zibri, M. (2016). Optical Remote Sensing of Snow Cover. Book Land Surface Remote Sensing in Continental Hydrology, ISTE Press\u2014Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00137-P","article-title":"Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data","volume":"54","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00095-0","article-title":"MODIS snow-cover products","volume":"83","author":"Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00098-6","article-title":"Subpixel mapping of snow cover in forests by optical remote sensing","volume":"84","author":"Vikhamar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.028","article-title":"Landsat-based snow persistence map for northwest Alaska","volume":"163","author":"Macander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"31","article-title":"The effect of boreal forest canopy to reflectance of snow covered terrain based on airborne imaging spectrometer observations","volume":"27","author":"Salminen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1109\/36.581975","article-title":"The use of ERS-1 SAR data in snow melt monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Koskinen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00104-9","article-title":"Optimal conditions for wet snow detection using RADARSAT-SAT data","volume":"84","author":"Magagi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6593","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2444422","article-title":"The effect of Boreal Forest Canopy in Satellite Snow Mapping\u2014A Multisensor Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1109\/36.823925","article-title":"Potential and limitations of RADARSAT SAR data for wet snow monitoring","volume":"38","author":"Baghdadi","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3705\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:11:03Z","timestamp":1760112663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16193705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16193705","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]}}}