{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:20:48Z","timestamp":1772173248609,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62101568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101568"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62371460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371460"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BX20230473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX20230473"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZK21-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK21-06"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Program","award":["62101568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101568"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Program","award":["62371460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371460"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Program","award":["BX20230473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX20230473"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Program","award":["ZK21-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK21-06"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["62101568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101568"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["62371460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371460"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["BX20230473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX20230473"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["ZK21-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK21-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synthetic aperture radar tomography (TomoSAR) has gained significant attention for three-dimensional (3D) imaging in urban environments. A notable limitation of traditional TomoSAR approaches is their primary focus on persistent scatterers (PSs), disregarding targets with temporal decorrelated characteristics. Temporal variations in coherence, especially in urban areas due to the dense population of buildings and artificial structures, can lead to a reduction in detectable PSs and suboptimal 3D reconstruction performance. The concept of partially coherent scatterers (PCSs) has been proven effective by capturing the partial temporal coherence of targets across the entire time baseline. In this study, an novel approach based on an iterative sub-network generation method is introduced to leverage PCSs for enhanced 3D reconstruction in dynamic environments. We propose a coherence constraint iterative variance analysis approach to determine the optimal temporal baseline range that accurately reflects the interferometric coherence of PCSs. Utilizing the selected PCSs, a 3D imaging technique that incorporates the iterative generation of sub-networks into the SAR tomography process is developed. By employing the PS reference network as a foundation, we accurately invert PCSs through the iterative generation of local star-shaped networks, ensuring a comprehensive coverage of PCSs in study areas. The effectiveness of this method for the height estimation of PCSs is validated using the TerraSAR-X dataset. Compared with traditional PS-based TomoSAR, the proposed approach demonstrates that PCS-based elevation results complement those from PSs, significantly improving 3D reconstruction in evolving urban settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:30:18Z","timestamp":1728286218000},"page":"3707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Partially Coherent Scatterers Using Iterative Sub-Network Generation Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3383-2132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiantao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 De Ya Road, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 De Ya Road, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2461-2477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 De Ya Road, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 De Ya Road, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Anxi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 De Ya Road, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1109\/36.868873","article-title":"First demonstration of airborne SAR tomography using multibaseline L-band data","volume":"38","author":"Reigber","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.843567","article-title":"Three-dimensional multipass SAR focusing: Experiments with long-term spaceborne data","volume":"43","author":"Fornaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2098845","article-title":"Tomographic Imaging and Monitoring of Buildings with Very High Resolution SAR Data","volume":"8","author":"Reale","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1109\/36.868878","article-title":"Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry","volume":"38","author":"Ferretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"IIEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.011","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer Interferometry: A review","volume":"115","author":"Crosetto","year":"2005","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2496193","article-title":"Robust detection of single and double persistent scatterers in urban built environments","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5436","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3076452","article-title":"A Network Optimized Ridge Estimator for Robust PSI Parameter Estimation and Its Application on Deformation Monitoring of Urban Area","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ferretti, A., Colesanti, C., Perissin, D., Prati, C., and Rocca, F. (2003, January 10\u201314). Evaluating the effect of the observation time on the distribution of SAR permanent scatterers. Proceedings of the FRINGE 2003 Workshop, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.906092","article-title":"Urban-Target Recognition by Means of Repeated Spaceborne SAR Images","volume":"12","author":"Perissin","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.10.004","article-title":"Ground settlement monitoring based on temporarily coherent points between two SAR acquisitions","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.020","article-title":"Mapping ground surface deformation using temporarily coherent point SAR interferometry: Application to Los Angeles Basin","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2160644","article-title":"Repeat-pass SAR interferometry with partially coherent targets","volume":"1","author":"Perissin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"108","article-title":"Improved persistent scatterer analysis using amplitude dispersion index optimization of dual polarimetry data","volume":"1","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3239","article-title":"Detection of Multitransition Abrupt Changes in Multitemporal SAR Images","volume":"8","author":"Ozan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7658","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2915658","article-title":"Incorporating Temporary Coherent Scatterers in Multi-Temporal InSAR Using Adaptive Temporal Subsets","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Detecting spatio-temporal urban surface changes using identified temporary coherent scatterers","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2177843","article-title":"Demonstration of Super-Resolution for Tomographic SAR Imaging in Urban Environment","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.809934","article-title":"Three-dimensional focusing with multipass SAR data","volume":"3","author":"Fornaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Dong, Z., and Zhang, Y. (IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag., 2024). Trans-ionospheric Synthetic Aperture Radar Observation: A Comprehensive Review, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag., Early Access.","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2024.3454635"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2009.03.010","article-title":"Corrections of stratified tropospheric delays in SAR interferometry: Validation with global atmospheric models","volume":"1","author":"Doin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Sabater, J.M., Hanssen, R., Kampes, B.M., Fusco, A., and Adam, N. (2003, January 21). Physical analysis of atmospheric delay signal observed in stacked. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frey, O., Hajnsek, I., and Wegmuller, U. (2013, January 21\u201326). Spaceborne SAR Tomography in Urban Areas. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6721094"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2048117","article-title":"Tomographic SAR Inversion by L1-norm Regularization\u2014The Compressive Sensing Approach","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X.X., Dong, Z., Yu, A.X., Wu, M.Q., Li, D.X., and Zhang, Y.S. (2019). New approaches for robust and efficient detection of persistent scatterers in SAR tomography. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030356"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.881748","article-title":"Imaging of Single and Double Scatterers in Urban Areas via SAR Tomography","volume":"44","author":"Fornaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2879382","article-title":"Nonlocal Compressive Sensing-Based SAR Tomography","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398072","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2024.2398072","article-title":"An improved bridge reference network for 3-D SAR tomography based on regional growing strategy","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"5205013","article-title":"Array 3-D SAR Tomography Using Robust Gridless Compressed Sensing","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montazeri, S., Rodriguez, G.F., and Zhu, X.X. (2018). Geocoding Error Correction for InSAR Point Clouds. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101523"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3707\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:11:08Z","timestamp":1760112668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16193707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16193707","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]}}}