{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T15:24:25Z","timestamp":1767713065820,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130406","2022027","2023014","2023018","GASI-01-SIND-STwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130406","2022027","2023014","2023018","GASI-01-SIND-STwin"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["42130406","2022027","2023014","2023018","GASI-01-SIND-STwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130406","2022027","2023014","2023018","GASI-01-SIND-STwin"]}]},{"name":"Global Change and Air-sea Interaction II","award":["42130406","2022027","2023014","2023018","GASI-01-SIND-STwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130406","2022027","2023014","2023018","GASI-01-SIND-STwin"]}]},{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory","award":["42130406","2022027","2023014","2023018","GASI-01-SIND-STwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130406","2022027","2023014","2023018","GASI-01-SIND-STwin"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strong salinity stratification induced by large freshwater fluxes in the northern Bay of Bengal (BOB) results in the formation of a quasi-permanent barrier layer (BL) that covers almost the entire BOB and leads to a unique temperature inversion within the thick BL in winter. In the presence of temperature inversions, the entrainment process at the bottom of the mixed layer (ML) induces warming effects in the ML, but little is known about this. In this paper, we quantify the contribution of the entrainment process to the ML temperature (MLT) in the northern BOB during the winter of 2013 using monthly and daily data from the Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator version 2 (OFES2). It is found that the warming effect of the daily entrainment heat flux (EHF), which resolved the high-frequency variations, is 4 orders of magnitude larger than the monthly EHF for most of the wintertime. This significantly enhanced warming effect in daily data offsets up to 87% of the surface cooling induced by net heat flux during wintertime. A further analysis reveals that the larger daily EHF warming effect compared to its monthly counterpart is closely related to the deepened ML, the larger temperature difference within the ML and vertical velocity at the bottom of the ML.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T07:39:52Z","timestamp":1728459592000},"page":"3742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Study of the Mixed Layer Warming Induced by the Barrier Layer in the Northern Bay of Bengal in 2013"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xutao","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Physical and Geological Processes, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4106-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Physical and Geological Processes, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Wenshu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Physical and Geological Processes, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5264-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongtong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Physical and Geological Processes, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Physical and Geological Processes, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8007","DOI":"10.1029\/JC094iC06p08007","article-title":"The Heat Budget of the Equatorial Western Pacific Surface Mixed Layer","volume":"94","author":"Godfrey","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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