{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T13:45:46Z","timestamp":1772113546881,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["42072243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072243"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["XH24059YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH24059YA"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["2023-JC-QN-0309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0309"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["12203060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12203060"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["2023426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023426"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["42072243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072243"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["XH24059YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH24059YA"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["2023-JC-QN-0309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0309"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["12203060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12203060"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["2023426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023426"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["42072243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072243"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["XH24059YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH24059YA"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2023-JC-QN-0309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0309"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["12203060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12203060"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2023426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023426"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42072243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072243"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XH24059YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH24059YA"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023-JC-QN-0309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0309"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12203060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12203060"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023426"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["42072243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072243"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["XH24059YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH24059YA"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["2023-JC-QN-0309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0309"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBQN-0313"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["12203060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12203060"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["2023426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023426"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interseismic behavior of faults (whether they are locked or creeping) and their quantitative kinematic constraints are critical for assessing the seismic hazards of faults and their surrounding areas. Currently, the creep of the eastern segment of the Laohushan Fault in the Haiyuan Fault Zone at the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, as revealed by InSAR observations, lacks confirmation from other observational methods, particularly high-precision GNSS studies. In this study, we utilized nearly seven years of observation data from a dense GNSS continuous monitoring profile (with a minimum station spacing of 2 km) that crosses the eastern segment of the Laohushan Fault. This dataset was integrated with GNSS data from regional continuous stations, such as those from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China, and multiple campaign measurements to calculate GNSS baseline change time series across the Laohushan Fault and to obtain a high spatial resolution horizontal crustal velocity field for the region. A comprehensive analysis of this primary dataset indicates that the Laohushan Fault is currently experiencing left-lateral creep, characterized by a partially locked shallow segment and a deeper locked segment. The fault creep is predominantly concentrated in the shallow crustal region, within a depth range of 0\u20135.7 \u00b1 3.4 km, exhibiting a creep rate of 1.5 \u00b1 0.7 mm\/yr. Conversely, at depths of 5.7 \u00b1 3.4 km to 16.8 \u00b1 4.2 km, the fault remains locked, with a loading rate of 3.9 \u00b1 1.1 mm\/yr. The shallow creep is primarily confined within 3 km on either side of the fault. Over the nearly seven-year observation period, the creep movement within approximately 5 km of the fault\u2019s near field has shown no significant time-dependent variation, instead demonstrating a steady-state behavior. This steady-state creep appears unaffected by postseismic effects from historical large earthquakes in the adjacent region, although the deeper (far-field) tectonic deformation of the Laohushan Fault may have been influenced by the postseismic effects of the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 earthquake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16193746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T07:39:52Z","timestamp":1728459592000},"page":"3746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantifying Creep on the Laohushan Fault Using Dense Continuous GNSS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenquan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Shangwu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Baiyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Earthquake Agency, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan East Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5482.1178","article-title":"Earthquake potential along the northern Hayward fault, California","volume":"289","author":"Burgmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03938.x","article-title":"Spatial variations in slip deficit on the central San Andreas Fault from InSAR","volume":"175","author":"Ryder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13389","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900032","article-title":"Modeling mountain building and the seismic cycle in the Himalaya of Nepal","volume":"105","author":"Cattin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218796","article-title":"Under the hood of the earthquake machine: Toward predictive modeling of the seismiccycle","volume":"336","author":"Barbot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/34097","article-title":"Earthquakes and friction laws","volume":"391","author":"Scholz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo843","article-title":"Towards inferring earthquake patterns from geodetic observations of interseismic coupling","volume":"3","author":"Kaneko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1785\/0120140237","article-title":"The burst-like behavior of aseismic slip on a rough fault: The creeping section of the Haiyuan fault, China","volume":"105","author":"Jolivet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"B04405","article-title":"Earthquake swarms driven by aseismic creep in the Salton Trough, California","volume":"112","author":"Lohman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2017.11.002","article-title":"Surface creep and slip-behavior segmentation along the northwestern Xianshuihe fault zone of southwestern China determined from decades of fault-crossing short-baseline and short-level surveys","volume":"722","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0710051607","article-title":"Short-range distance measurements along the San Andreas fault system in central California, 1975 to 1979","volume":"71","author":"Lisowski","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(70)90014-4","article-title":"Some characteristic features of the Anatolian fault zone","volume":"9","author":"Ambraseys","year":"1970","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2005.06.044","article-title":"Creeping along the Ismetpasa section of the North Anatolian fault (Western Turkey): Rate and extent from InSAR","volume":"238","author":"Cakir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2010.04876.x","article-title":"Doke Strain accumulation process around the Atotsugawa fault system in the Niigata-Kobe Tectonic Zone, central Japan","volume":"184","author":"Ohzono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068604","article-title":"Creep and locking of a low-angle normal fault: Insights from the Altotiberina fault in the northern Apennines (Italy)","volume":"43","author":"Anderlini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL067913","article-title":"Creep along the northern Jordan Valley section of the Dead Sea Fault","volume":"43","author":"Hamiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Zhang, P.Z., Yin, J., and Min, W. (2009). Late Quaternary left-lateral slip rate of the Haiyuan fault, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, 28.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008TC002302"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8304","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012163","article-title":"Variability in magnitude of paleoearthquakes revealed by trenching and historical records, along the Haiyuan Fault, China","volume":"120","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1130\/B35571.1","article-title":"Late Pleistocene slip rate of the central Haiyuan fault constrained from optically stimulated luminescence, 14C, and cosmogenic isotope dating and high-resolution topography","volume":"133","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"GSA Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B06401","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008732","article-title":"Shallow creep on the Haiyuan fault (Gansu, China) revealed by SAR interferometry","volume":"117","author":"Jolivet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B08416","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB004120","article-title":"Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements","volume":"112","author":"Gan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2018.01.024","article-title":"Present-day crustal deformation and strain transfer in northeastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"487","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2013.07.020","article-title":"Spatio-temporal evolution of aseismic slip along the Haiyuan fault, China: Implications for fault frictional properties","volume":"377","author":"Jolivet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JB021576","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB021576","article-title":"Geodetic observations of shallow creep on the Laohushan-Haiyuan fault, northeastern Tibet","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, X., Qu, C., Shan, X., Zhao, D., and Liu, L. (2021). Interseismic slip and coupling along the Haiyuan fault zone constrained by InSAR and GPS measurements. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163333"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2022.117450","article-title":"Kinematics of the \u223c1000 km Haiyuan fault system in northeastern Tibet from high-resolution Sentinel-1 InSAR velocities: Fault architecture, slip rates, and partitioning","volume":"583","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2023.229988","article-title":"Analysis of the fault slip, creep, and coupling characteristics of the Maomaoshan-Laohushan-Haiyuan Fault using InSAR and GNSS measurements","volume":"863","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2014.06.016","article-title":"Present day crustal vertical movement inferred from precise leveling data in eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau","volume":"632","author":"Hao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggv563","article-title":"Refining the shallow slip deficit","volume":"204","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2020.116696","article-title":"Origin of the shallow slip deficit on a strike slip fault: Influence of elastic structure, topography, data coverage, and noise","volume":"554","author":"Marchandon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-16-3391-2024","article-title":"The China Active Faults Database (CAFD) and its web system","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3615","article-title":"Three-dimensional numerical simulation of pull-apart basins: An example of the Laolongwan basin in the Haiyuan fault zone","volume":"58","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Song, Z., Zhang, G., Liu, J., Yin, J., Xue, Y., and Song, X. (2011). Disaster Information Catalog of Global Earthquakes (9999 B.C. to 2010 A.D.), Seismological Press. (In Chinese with English Preface)."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"575","article-title":"GPS Continuous Monitoring of Dynamic Evolution of Deformation Field of Xianshuihe Fault","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11589-007-0206-9","article-title":"Analysis on the noises from continuously monitoring GPS sites","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Seismol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-020-09621-5","article-title":"Present-day crustal deformation within the western Qinling Mountains and its kinematic implications","volume":"42","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Herring, T.A., King, R.W., and McClusky, S.C. (2015). GAMIT Reference Manual, GNSS Analysis at MIT, Release 10.6, Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Herring, T.A., King, R.W., and McClusky, S.C. (2015). GAMIT Reference Manual, Global Kalman Filter VLBI and GNSS Analysis Program, Release 10.6, Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Petit, G. (2010). IERS Conventions (2010), U.S. Naval Observatory Observatoire de Paris."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-006-0086-x","article-title":"Modelling the global ocean tides: Modern insights from FES2004","volume":"56","author":"Lyard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocean. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggx136","article-title":"ITRF2014 plate motion model","volume":"209","author":"Altamimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JB018774","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018774","article-title":"Present-day crustal deformation of continental China derived from GPS and its tectonic implications","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2017.10.010","article-title":"Elastic block and strain modeling of GPS data around the Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault, northeastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geog.2023.03.006","article-title":"Geodetic constraints on contemporary three-dimensional crustal deformation in the Laji Shan\u2013Jishi Shan tectonic belt","volume":"14","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8399","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070121","article-title":"InSAR observations of strain accumulation and fault creep along the Chaman Fault system, Pakistan and Afghanistan","volume":"43","author":"Fattahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1029\/JB078i005p00832","article-title":"Geodetic determination of relative plate motion in central California","volume":"78","author":"Savage","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1029\/JB088iB06p04984","article-title":"A dislocation model of strain accumulation and release at a subduction zone","volume":"88","author":"Savage","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25525","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900276","article-title":"Viscoelastic-coupling model for the earthquake cycle driven from below","volume":"105","author":"Savage","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/2016RG000539","article-title":"Large earthquakes and creeping faults","volume":"55","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Hao, M., Hammond, W.C., Cheng, F., Zhang, G., Wang, Q., Liu, L., Hou, B., and Gan, W. (2024). Geodetic constraints on three-component motion of the Ordos block (China) and their implications for lithospheric dynamics. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.","DOI":"10.1130\/B37423.1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2024.118884","article-title":"Interseismic strain rate distribution model of the Altyn Tagh Fault constrained by InSAR and GPS","volume":"642","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-016-9375-1","article-title":"Present-day crustal vertical motion around the Ordos block constrained by precise leveling and GNSS data","volume":"37","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1029\/91JB00275","article-title":"On the mechanics of earthquake afterslip","volume":"96","author":"Marone","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JB020197","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB020197","article-title":"Postseismic Deformation due to the 2012 Mw 7.8 Haida Gwaii and 2013 Mw 7.5 Craig Earthquakes and its Implications for Regional Rheological Structure","volume":"126","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JB025043","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JB025043","article-title":"Frictional Properties and Rheological Structure at the Ecuadorian Subduction Zone Revealed by the Postseismic Deformation Due to the 2016 Mw 7.8 Pedernales (Ecuador) Earthquake","volume":"128","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1354","article-title":"The research on fault plane solution and geometric meaning of the Laohushan fault in the northeastern Tibetan plateau","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1785\/0120050118","article-title":"Millennial recurrence of large earthquakes on the Haiyuan fault near Songshan, Gansu Province, China","volume":"97","author":"Klinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1785\/0220230253","article-title":"Interseismic Coupling\u2013Based Stochastic Slip Modeling of the 1920 Ms 8.5 Haiyuan Earthquake","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.12.014","article-title":"Partitioning of localized and diffuse deformation in the Tibetan Plateau from joint inversions of geologic and geodetic observations","volume":"303","author":"Loveless","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3746\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:09:45Z","timestamp":1760112585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/19\/3746"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16193746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16193746","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]}}}