{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:31:27Z","timestamp":1760146287044,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42376004","42206004","42206005","SML2020SP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42376004","42206004","42206005","SML2020SP007"]}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["42376004","42206004","42206005","SML2020SP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42376004","42206004","42206005","SML2020SP007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Lofoten Vortex (LV), which is identified as a quasi-permanent anticyclonic eddy, strengthens through continuous merging with external anticyclonic eddies. Our investigation used the Lagrangian method to monitor the LV on a daily basis. Utilizing satellite altimeter data, we conducted multi-year tracking and statistical analysis of merging events involving the LV. The results indicate a characteristic radius of approximately 42.72 km and a mean vorticity at the eddy center of approximately \u22122.23 \u00d7 10\u22125 s\u22121. The eddy exhibits oscillatory motion within the sea basin depression, centered at 70\u00b0N, 3\u00b0E, characterized by counterclockwise trajectories between 0.5\u00b0E and 6\u00b0E and between 69\u00b0N and 70.5\u00b0N. There are two types of merging events: fusion events (55%), in which eddies of similar strengths interact within a closed flow line and then merge to form a new eddy; and absorption events (45%), in which the stronger LV absorbs the weaker anticyclonic eddies without destroying the structure of the LV itself. The nodes where strong vorticity advection occurs correspond to the nodes where merging occurs, suggesting that their effect on merging can be well characterized by the vorticity advection time series. We also observe occasional fluctuations and substitution events involving the LV and external anticyclonic eddies, suggesting a dynamic succession rather than a single vortex entity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16203796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T07:47:05Z","timestamp":1728892025000},"page":"3796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of Lofoten Vortex Merging Based on Altimeter Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9261-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7424-6984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiayan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"}]},{"given":"Juncheng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icesjms.2004.05.003","article-title":"Water-mass formation and distribution in the nordic seas during the 1990s","volume":"61","author":"Blindheim","year":"2004","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01604","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021791","article-title":"Linear trends in salinity for the world ocean, 1955\u20131998","volume":"32","author":"Boyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2006.12.012","article-title":"The atlantic water flow along the v\u00f8ring plateau: Detecting frontal structures in oceanic station time series","volume":"54","author":"Nilsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C11003","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC006939","article-title":"Heat and freshwater budgets of the nordic seas computed from atmospheric reanalysis and ocean observations","volume":"116","author":"Segtnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosse, A., Fer, I., Lilly, J.M., and S\u00f8iland, H. (2019). Dynamical controls on the longevity of a non-linear vortex: The case of the lofoten basin eddy. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49599-8"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2021.102609","article-title":"Lateral redistribution of heat and salt in the nordic seas","volume":"196","author":"Spall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progr. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015799","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015799","article-title":"Springtime export of arctic sea ice influences phytoplankton production in the greenland sea","volume":"125","author":"Mayot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C04011","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JC005073","article-title":"Pathways of inflow and dispersion of warm waters in the nordic seas","volume":"114","author":"Rossby","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.2001.tb00052.x","article-title":"Upper layer circulation of the nordic seas as inferred from the spatial distribution of heat and freshwater content and potential energy","volume":"20","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polar. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50126","article-title":"Puzzling over the dynamics of the lofoten basin-a sub-arctic hot spot of ocean variability","volume":"40","author":"Volkov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2006.03.014","article-title":"Variations of mixed layer properties in the norwegian sea for the period 1948\u20131999","volume":"70","author":"Nilsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progr. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC011637","article-title":"Quantifying mesoscale eddies in the Lofoten Basin","volume":"121","author":"Raj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016331","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016331","article-title":"The 3-d structure of mesoscale eddies in the lofoten basin of the norwegian sea: A composite analysis from altimetry and in situ data","volume":"125","author":"Sandalyuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d8rb\u00e6k, J.B., Kallenborn, R., Tombre, I., Hegseth, E.N., Falk-Petersen, S., and Hoel, A.H. (2007). The flow of Atlantic water to the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean. Arctic Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-48514-8"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"108","article-title":"Water circulation in the lofoten basin of the norwegian sea","volume":"7","author":"Belonenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vest. St. Petersburg. Univ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"62","article-title":"Formation and regeneration of the pycnocline lens in the norwegian sea","volume":"9","author":"Ivanov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"549","article-title":"On the physical nature of large-scale counter-cyclical cycle in the water column of the norwegian sea","volume":"364","author":"Pereskokov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rep. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"L18607","article-title":"Rigid topographic control of currents in the nordic seas","volume":"35","author":"Prater","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2017.08.001","article-title":"On the vertical structure and stability of the lofoten vortex in the norwegian sea","volume":"128","author":"Bashmachnikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Meng, J., Wang, J., Han, G., Lin, X., Chen, J., and Ji, Q. (2023). Analysis of seasonal and long-term variations in the surface and vertical structures of the lofoten vortex. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071903"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"14","article-title":"Structure and circulation of water masses in the area of an anticyclonic vortex in the north-eastern part of the norwegian sea","volume":"65","author":"Alexeev","year":"1991","journal-title":"Russ. Probl. Arct. Antarct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JPO3694.1","article-title":"Generation and stability of a quasi-permanent vortex in the lofoten basin","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ES5004","DOI":"10.2205\/2019ES000676","article-title":"Seasonal variability of mesoscale eddies of the Lofoten Basin using satellite and model data","volume":"19","author":"Travkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Russ. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"32","article-title":"Dynamics of an intrapycnocline lens in the Norwegian sea","volume":"10","author":"Ivanov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-1545-2019","article-title":"Two typical merging events of oceanic mesoscale anticyclonic eddies","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015288","article-title":"Deformation of a warm eddy in the northern South China Sea","volume":"124","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023GL104736","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL104736","article-title":"Multi-stage development within anisotropy insight of an anticyclone eddy in northwestern South China Sea in 2021","volume":"50","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2015.09.001","article-title":"Formation and variability of the lofoten basin vortex in a high-resolution ocean model","volume":"105","author":"Volkov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030812","article-title":"Global observations of large oceanic eddies","volume":"34","author":"Chelton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHO725.1","article-title":"A vector geometry\u2013based eddy detection algorithm and its application to a high-resolution numerical model product and high-frequency radar surface velocities in the southern california bight","volume":"27","author":"Nencioli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010176","article-title":"Long-lived mesoscale eddies in the eastern mediterranean sea: Analysis of 20 years of aviso geostrophic velocities","volume":"119","author":"Mkhinini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-17-0010.1","article-title":"Angular momentum eddy detection and tracking algorithm (ameda) and its application to coastal eddy formation","volume":"35","author":"Stegner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2011.01.007","article-title":"Surface circulation in the nordic seas from clustered drifters","volume":"58","author":"Koszalka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2024.103227","article-title":"Analysis of vortex merging from a rotating tank laboratory experiment","volume":"222","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Progr. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, M., Dong, C., Dong, J., and Sun, W. (2023). Analysis of mesoscale eddy merging in the subtropical northwest pacific using satellite remote sensing data. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15174307"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-20-0029.1","article-title":"The regeneration of the lofoten vortex through vertical alignment","volume":"50","author":"Trodahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-18-0275.1","article-title":"A double-thermostad warm-core ring of the gulf stream","volume":"50","author":"Belkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/20\/3796\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:12:17Z","timestamp":1760112737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/20\/3796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16203796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16203796","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]}}}