{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T01:42:34Z","timestamp":1774057354313,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32071678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CYS23196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYS23196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Innovative Research Project of Chongqing","award":["42271427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271427"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Innovative Research Project of Chongqing","award":["32071678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071678"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Innovative Research Project of Chongqing","award":["CYS23196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYS23196"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The acquisition of the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the complete tufa dam system is of great significance for analyzing the formation and development of a pellucid tufa lake in a fluvial tufa valley. The dam system is usually composed of the dams partially exposed above-water and the ones totally submerged underwater. This situation makes it difficult to directly obtain the real 3D scene of the dam system solely using an existing measurement technique. In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) digital photogrammetry has been increasingly used to acquire high-precision 3D models of various earth surface scenes. In this study, taking Wolong Lake and its neighborhood in Jiuzhaigou Valley, China as the study site, we employed a fixed-wing UAV equipped with a consumer-level digital camera to capture the overlapping images, and produced the initial Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the dam system. The refraction correction was applied to retrieving the underwater Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the submerged dam or dam part, and the ground interpolation was adopted to eliminate vegetation obstruction to obtain the DEM of the dam parts above-water. Based on the complete 3D model of the dam system, the elevation profiles along the centerlines of Wolong Lake were derived, and the dimension data of those tufa dams on the section lines were accurately measured. In combination of local hydrodynamics, the implication of the morphological characteristics for analyzing the formation and development of the tufa dam system was also explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16203839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T07:58:32Z","timestamp":1729065512000},"page":"3839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["3D Modelling and Measuring Dam System of a Pellucid Tufa Lake Using UAV Digital Photogrammetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9808-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Jinchen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(96)00030-X","article-title":"A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world","volume":"41","author":"Ford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. 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