{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:39:44Z","timestamp":1775486384497,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project","award":["23YJA630046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YJA630046"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project","award":["42001229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001229"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project","award":["41971245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971245"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23YJA630046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YJA630046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42001229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The escalating human pressures on natural ecosystems necessitate urgent and effective conservation strategies to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem functions. This review explored current techniques for mapping human pressure, with a particular focus on their application in nature conservation, especially within protected areas (PAs). Specifically, we analyzed the impacts of seven major types of human pressures on nature conservation within PAs. Additionally, we discussed four key methods for mapping human pressure, including land use intensity, human footprint, digital human footprint, and other proxies, examining their distinct characteristics and respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, our research explored the application of human pressure mapping for nature conservation, assessing its suitability for conservation applications and delineating directions for future work. These insights contributed to better support nature conservation and the management of PAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16203866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T05:03:49Z","timestamp":1729227829000},"page":"3866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mapping Human Pressure for Nature Conservation: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Quanxin","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Resource Management, School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6296-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shicheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Resource Management, School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Environment and Culture in Yangtze Regions, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Haifang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Investigation and Planning Institute of Hubei, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2135-0056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haonan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Resource Management, School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14549","article-title":"Managing the middle: A shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient","volume":"25","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12558","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12558","article-title":"Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation","volume":"7","author":"Venter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500052","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500052","article-title":"Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth\u2019s ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"Haddad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Watson, R., Baste, I., Larigauderie, A., Leadley, P., Pascual, U., Baptiste, B., Demissew, S., Dziba, L., Erpul, G., and Fazel, A. (2019). Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES Secretariat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.216","article-title":"Human footprint in Tibet: Assessing the spatial layout and effectiveness of nature reserves","volume":"621","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138883","article-title":"Analyzing spatial patterns and influencing factors of different illegal land use types within ecological spaces: A case study of a fast-growing city","volume":"424","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142796","article-title":"Optimization of land-use pattern based on suitability and trade-offs between land development and protection: A case study of the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos (HBO) area in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"466","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2008.04.005","article-title":"Rescaling the Human Footprint: A tool for conservation planning at an ecoregional scale","volume":"87","author":"Woolmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263X.2008.00024.x","article-title":"A theoretical approach to using human footprint data to assess landscape level conservation efforts","volume":"1","author":"Haines","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conserv. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07049-5","article-title":"Changes in human footprint drive changes in species extinction risk","volume":"9","author":"Venter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:THFATL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The human footprint and the last of the wild","volume":"52","author":"Sanderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4344","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15109","article-title":"Global human influence maps reveal clear opportunities in conserving Earth\u2019s remaining intact terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"26","author":"Riggio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-112420-013640","article-title":"Mapping Industrial Influences on Earth\u2019s Ecology","volume":"48","author":"Watson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.07.006","article-title":"Cumulative effect assessment in the marine environment: A focus on the London protocol\/London convention","volume":"136","author":"Clarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9565","article-title":"One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure","volume":"360","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10452","article-title":"Solutions for a cultivated planet","volume":"478","author":"Foley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x","article-title":"A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: Unified classifications of threats and actions","volume":"22","author":"Salafsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Margoluis, R., and Salafsky, N. (2011). Is Our Project Succeeding? A Guide to Threat Reduction Assessment for Conservation, Biodiversity Support Program."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1770","article-title":"Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100","volume":"287","author":"Sala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/536143a","article-title":"Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers","volume":"536","author":"Maxwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2010121118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010121118","article-title":"Pervasive cropland in protected areas highlight trade-offs between conservation and food security","volume":"118","author":"Vijay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116437108","article-title":"Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture","volume":"108","author":"Tilman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152747","article-title":"Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt","volume":"319","author":"Fargione","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Alexandratos, N., and Bruinsma, J. (2012). World Agriculture Towards 2030\/50: The 2012 Revision, UN Food Agriculture Organization (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Fischer, R.A., Byerlee, D., and Edmeades, G.L. (2014). Crop Yields and Global Food Security: Will Yield Increase Continue to Feed the World, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/1\/015012","article-title":"Climate adaptation as mitigation: The case of agricultural investments","volume":"8","author":"Lobell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772","article-title":"Global consequences of land use","volume":"309","author":"Foley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7402","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406485112","article-title":"Spatial patterns of agricultural expansion determine impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage","volume":"112","author":"Sharp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-023-01093-w","article-title":"Post-2020 biodiversity framework challenged by cropland expansion in protected areas","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2013.12.001","article-title":"Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature","volume":"29","author":"Laurance","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2013.04.007","article-title":"To close the yield-gap while saving biodiversity will require multiple locally relevant strategies","volume":"173","author":"Cunningham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Cao, Y., Yu, L., Liu, X., Shi, Y., Liu, X., Yang, R., and Gong, P. (2021). Identifying Potential Cropland Losses When Conserving 30% and 50% Earth with Different Approaches and Spatial Scales. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10070704"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116330","article-title":"A framework for identifying bird conservation priority areas in croplands at national level","volume":"324","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00011-9","article-title":"Farmland biodiversity: Is habitat heterogeneity the key?","volume":"18","author":"Benton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2012.02.005","article-title":"How a socio-ecological metabolism approach can help to advance our understanding of changes in land-use intensity","volume":"76","author":"Erb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2014.04.001","article-title":"Does intensification slow crop land expansion or encourage deforestation?","volume":"3","author":"Byerlee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211658109","article-title":"Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools","volume":"109","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-7590.2003.03345.x","article-title":"The effect of urbanization on the quality of remnant habitats for leaf-mining lepidoptera on Quercus agrifolia","volume":"26","author":"Rickman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1603\/0013-8746(2000)093[0825:EOUAAR]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ecology of Urban Arthropods: A Review and a Call to Action","volume":"93","author":"McIntyre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.06.002","article-title":"Urban effects, distance, and protected areas in an urbanizing world","volume":"93","author":"Mcdonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014025","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/1\/014025","article-title":"Futures of global urban expansion: Uncertainties and implications for biodiversity conservation","volume":"8","author":"Guneralp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Mutuga, F. (2009). The Effect of Urbanization on Protected Areas: The Impact of Urban Growth on a Wildlife Protected Area: A Case Study of Nairobi National Park. [Master\u2019s Thesis, IIIEE]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0340-0","article-title":"Direct and indirect loss of natural area from urban expansion","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.29.062403.102142","article-title":"Grazing systems, ecosystem responses, and global change","volume":"29","author":"Asner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ14064","article-title":"Changes in rangeland cover associated with livestock grazing in Altun National Nature Reserve, northwest Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"37","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rangel. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ18090","article-title":"Rotational grazing management achieves similar plant diversity outcomes to areas managed for conservation in a semi-arid rangeland","volume":"41","author":"McDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rangel. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241484","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241484","article-title":"Status and ecological effects of the world\u2019s largest carnivores","volume":"343","author":"Ripple","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02002.x","article-title":"Monitoring carnivore populations at the landscape scale: Occupancy modelling of tigers from sign surveys","volume":"48","author":"Karanth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, L., Li, S., Gao, D., and Li, W. (2022). Uncertainties of Global Historical Land Use Datasets in Pasture Reconstruction for the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153777"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2017.11.020","article-title":"Livestock grazing in protected areas and its effects on large mammals in the Hyrcanian forest, Iran","volume":"217","author":"Soofi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"e00754","article-title":"Eating away at protected areas: Total grazing pressure is undermining public land conservation","volume":"20","author":"Prowse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-013-0616-z","article-title":"Impacts of cattle grazing on forest structure and raptor distribution within a neotropical protected area","volume":"23","author":"Piana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-011-9399-6","article-title":"Coping with Uncertainty and Variability: The Influence of Protected Areas on Pastoral Herding Strategies in East Africa","volume":"39","author":"Butt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106018","article-title":"Impacts of protected areas establishment on pastoralists\u2019 livelihoods in the Three-River-Source Region on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-010-9461-6","article-title":"Fragmentation of China\u2019s landscape by roads and urban areas","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.07.004","article-title":"Roads, deforestation, and the mitigating effect of protected areas in the Amazon","volume":"177","author":"Barber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S.C., Su, S., Liu, Y.X., Zhou, X.W., Luo, Q.X., and Paudel, B. (2022). Effectiveness of the Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve of China in Reducing Human Impacts. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11071071"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, L.Y., Guo, G.C., and Li, S.C. (2022). The Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve Is Partially Effective in Mitigating Human Pressures. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11010043"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2000.99299.x","article-title":"Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Forman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2022.106896","article-title":"Investigating multi-way impacts of transportation on human footprint: Evidence from China","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Asses"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2015.02.006","article-title":"Characterizing the fragmentation level of Italian\u2019s National Parks due to transportation infrastructures","volume":"36","author":"Bruschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-02451-130123","article-title":"The Roles and Movements of Actors in the Deforestation of Brazilian Amazonia","volume":"13","author":"Fearnside","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.02.050","article-title":"Reducing the global environmental impacts of rapid infrastructure expansion","volume":"25","author":"Laurance","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.04.020","article-title":"Understanding an urbanizing planet: Strategic directions for remote sensing","volume":"228","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"5","article-title":"Estimation of gross domestic product at sub-national scales using nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"8","author":"Sutton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ecol. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697218485","article-title":"Relation between satellite observed visible-near infrared emissions, population, economic activity and electric power consumption","volume":"18","author":"Elvidge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/en20300595","article-title":"A Fifteen Year Record of Global Natural Gas Flaring Derived from Satellite Data","volume":"2","author":"Elvidge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, H., Li, X., Du, X., Huang, J., Su, W., Hu, T., Wen, Y., Yin, P., Han, Y., and Xue, F. (2021). Evaluation of Light Pollution in Global Protected Areas from 1992 to 2018. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091849"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, W., and Tan, M. (2017). Changes in Light Pollution and the Causing Factors in China\u2019s Protected Areas, 1992\u20132012. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101026"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2021.102318","article-title":"Africa\u2019s protected areas are brightening at night: A long-term light pollution monitor based on nighttime light imagery","volume":"69","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-889-2021","article-title":"An extended time series (2000\u20132018) of global NPP-VIIRS-like nighttime light data from a cross-sensor calibration","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.05.040","article-title":"Global direct pressures on biodiversity by large-scale metal mining: Spatial distribution and implications for conservation","volume":"180","author":"Murguia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2014.12.016","article-title":"Metal mining and natural protected areas in Mexico: Geographic overlaps and environmental implications","volume":"48","author":"Lagunes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.06.009","article-title":"Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests","volume":"24","author":"Laurance","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2013.10.005","article-title":"Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining","volume":"83","author":"Northey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Miranda, M., Burris, P., Bingcang, J.F., Shearman, P., Briones, J.O., La Vina, A., and Menard, S. (2003). Mining and Critical Ecosystems: Mapping the Risks, World Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.02.003","article-title":"Global spatial coincidence between protected areas and metal mining activities","volume":"160","author":"Duran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.04.049","article-title":"A global extent site-level analysis of land cover and protected area overlap with mining activities as an indicator of biodiversity pressure","volume":"84","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanghe, K.Y., Guo, X.L., Hu, F.X., Ahmad, S., Jin, X.W., Khan, T.U., Xiao, Y.Q., and Luan, X.F. (2020). Spatial coincidence between mining activities and protected areas of giant panda habitat: The geographic overlaps and implications for conservation. Biol. Conserv., 247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108600"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Leong, D.P., Teo, K.K., Rangarajan, S., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Avezum, A., and Orlandini, A. (2018). World Population Prospects 2019, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics. Available online: https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Download\/."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1996.10041253.x","article-title":"Modeling human factors that affect the loss of biodiversity","volume":"10","author":"Forester","year":"1996","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158900","article-title":"Accelerated human population growth at protected area edges","volume":"321","author":"Wittemyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joppa, L.N., Loarie, S.R., and Pimm, S.L. (2009). On population growth near protected areas. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004279"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144399","article-title":"Are protected areas good for the human species? Effects of protected areas on rural depopulation in Spain","volume":"763","author":"Larrubia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097920","article-title":"Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty","volume":"306","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Liu, J.Y. (1992). Land Use in the Tibet Autonomous Region, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13289","article-title":"Biodiversity models need to represent land-use intensity more comprehensively","volume":"30","author":"Dullinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2013.06.002","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in mapping land use intensity globally","volume":"5","author":"Kuemmerle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14032","article-title":"Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism","volume":"516","author":"Pouzols","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-015-1184-9","article-title":"Disturbance impacts of land use change on biodiversity conservation priority areas across China: 1990\u20132010","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28245-4","article-title":"Relative effects of land conversion and land-use intensity on terrestrial vertebrate diversity","volume":"13","author":"Semenchuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, L.M.J., Renaud, J., Dou, Y., Karger, D.N., Maiorano, L., Verburg, P.H., and Thuiller, W. (2024). Habitat Suitability of European Land Systems for Terrestrial Vertebrates. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 33.","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13903"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1890\/070062","article-title":"Putting people in the map: Anthropogenic biomes of the world","volume":"6","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.02.004","article-title":"Incorporating temporality and biophysical vulnerability to quantify the human spatial footprint on ecosystems","volume":"144","author":"Etter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12332","article-title":"Mapping change in human pressure globally on land and within protected areas","volume":"28","author":"Geldmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, A.P., Riggio, J., Tait, A.M., and Baillie, J.E.M. (2019). Global areas of low human impact (\u2018Low Impact Areas\u2019) and fragmentation of the natural world. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50558-6"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.07.001","article-title":"A framework for deriving measures of chronic anthropogenic disturbance: Surrogate, direct, single and multi-metric indices in Brazilian Caatinga","volume":"94","author":"Arnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Abraham, C., Ezcurra, E., Garcillan, P.P., Ortega-Rubio, A., Kolb, M., and Bezaury Creel, J.E. (2015). The human footprint in Mexico: Physical geography and historical legacies. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121203"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-010-9484-z","article-title":"Estimating natural landscape changes from 1992 to 2030 in the conterminous US","volume":"25","author":"Theobald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892998000010","article-title":"Chronic disturbance, a principal cause of environmental degradation in developing countries","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13686","article-title":"Chronic anthropogenic disturbance on Caatinga dry forest fragments","volume":"57","author":"Antongiovanni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.09.007","article-title":"Anthropogenic impact on habitat connectivity: A multidimensional human footprint index evaluated in a highly biodiverse landscape of Mexico","volume":"72","author":"Mendoza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2016.10.007","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of the human footprint in South Ecuador: Influence of human pressure on ecosystems and effectiveness of protected areas","volume":"78","author":"Homeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"e03159","article-title":"Chronic anthropogenic disturbance causes prolific resprouting and dwarfing\u2014A case study of a widely distributed subtropical tree","volume":"54","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, C.C., Wang, S., Wu, S.L., and Zhou, T.C. (2024). Impacts of future permafrost degradation and human modification on terrestrial vertebrates. Biol. Conserv., 291.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2024.110475"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1931-0846.2007.tb00509.x","article-title":"Constructing, visualizing, and analyzing a digital footprint","volume":"97","author":"Weaver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.11.004","article-title":"Digital footprints: Incorporating crowdsourced geographic information for protected area management","volume":"90","author":"Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2016.1189556","article-title":"A review of volunteered geographic information quality assessment methods","volume":"31","author":"Senaratne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134540","article-title":"Mapping human\u2019s digital footprints on the Tibetan Plateau from multi-source geospatial big data","volume":"711","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1078\/1617-1381-00055","article-title":"Monitoring options for visitor numbers in national parks and natural areas","volume":"11","author":"Cessford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-021-1841-0","article-title":"Human\u2019s digital footprints on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Variations during festivals and impacts on nature reserves","volume":"31","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2021.08.005","article-title":"A digital approach to quantifying political vulnerability of protected areas","volume":"124","author":"Ladle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, W., Yi, J., Yunyan, D., Wang, N., Qian, J., Huang, S., and Wang, X. (2022). A spatiotemporal analysis of human digital footprint and the human activities exposure of grassland biomass in Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve. Biodivers. Sci., 30.","DOI":"10.17520\/biods.2021310"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.109954","article-title":"Assessment of the dynamic ecological networks on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using human\u2019s digital footprints","volume":"147","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2011.01674.x","article-title":"Measuring protected-area isolation and correlations of isolation with land-use intensity and protection status","volume":"26","author":"Seiferling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"143","article-title":"Human appropriation of net primary production as an environmental indicator: Implications for sustainable development","volume":"26","author":"Haberl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.02.001","article-title":"Human transformation of ecosystems: Comparing protected and unprotected areas with natural baselines","volume":"66","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.01.039","article-title":"Patterns and dynamics of the human appropriation of net primary production and its components in Tibet","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"68","article-title":"Remote Sensing Monitoring for Human Activity of Provincial Nature Reserve","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geospat. Inf."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"165","article-title":"Application and analysis of remote sensing monitoring technology in ecological environmental protection of Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve","volume":"14","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"South China Agric."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.12.020","article-title":"Forest restitution and protected area effectiveness in post-socialist Romania","volume":"146","author":"Knorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091714","article-title":"Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo","volume":"303","author":"Curran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908221116","article-title":"A global-level assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas at resisting anthropogenic pressures","volume":"116","author":"Geldmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108078","article-title":"Assessing the effectiveness of global protected areas based on the difference in differences model","volume":"130","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1623","article-title":"Transition Trends of Land-cover in National Nature Reserves of China","volume":"67","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.01.021","article-title":"Landsat-based mapping of post-Soviet land-use change to assess the effectiveness of the Oksky and Mordovsky protected areas in European Russia","volume":"133","author":"Sieber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05162.x","article-title":"Reassessing the forest impacts of protection: The challenge of nonrandom location and a corrective method","volume":"1185","author":"Joppa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800437105","article-title":"Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation","volume":"105","author":"Andam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Casson, S.A., Martin, V.G., Watson, A., Stringer, A., and Kormos, C.F. (2016). Wilderness Protected Areas: Management Guidelines for IUCN Category 1b Protected Areas, IUCN."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(85)90021-7","article-title":"The Wilderness Continuum Concept and Its Implications for Australian Wilderness Preservation Policy","volume":"32","author":"Lesslie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"221","article-title":"A Reconnaissance-Level Inventory of the Amount of Wilderness Remaining in the World","volume":"18","author":"Mccloskey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.11.016","article-title":"A GIS model for mapping spatial patterns and distribution of wild land in Scotland","volume":"104","author":"Carver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.08.046","article-title":"Keeping it wild: Mapping wilderness character in the United States","volume":"131","author":"Carver","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103636","article-title":"Mapping wilderness in China: Comparing and integrating Boolean and WLC approaches","volume":"192","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"89","article-title":"Indicators of wildness: Using attributes of the land to assess the context of wilderness","volume":"2","author":"Aplet","year":"2000","journal-title":"USDA Serv. RMRS-P"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"24","article-title":"Wilderness attribute mapping in the United Kingdom","volume":"8","author":"Carver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Wilderness"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2010.531043","article-title":"How Wild is Iceland? Wilderness Quality with Respect to Nature-based Tourism","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Lesslie, R.G., and Maslen, M. (1995). National Wilderness Inventory Australia, Australia Government Pub. Service."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc3436","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc3436","article-title":"Cost-effective priorities for the expansion of global terrestrial protected areas: Setting post-2020 global and national targets","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101090","article-title":"Enhancing protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Arino, O., and Ramoino, F. (2017). Land Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2.0, UCL-Geomatics."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002","article-title":"Global land cover mapping at 30 m resolution: A POK-based operational approach","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.748992","article-title":"Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover: First mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+ data","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst Sci Data"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1082-6","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns, and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112357","article-title":"Thematic accuracy assessment of the NLCD 2016 land cover for the conterminous United States","volume":"257","author":"Wickham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x","article-title":"The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years","volume":"20","author":"Goldewijk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-927-2017","article-title":"Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene\u2014HYDE 3.2","volume":"9","author":"Goldewijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160067","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.67","article-title":"Global terrestrial Human Footprint maps for 1993 and 2009","volume":"3","author":"Venter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-1953-2020","article-title":"Earth transformed: Detailed mapping of global human modification from 1990 to 2017","volume":"12","author":"Theobald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst Sci Data"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112407","article-title":"Accuracy, uncertainty, and biases in cumulative pressure mapping","volume":"166","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2024.114316","article-title":"Comparative validation of recent 10 m-resolution global land cover maps","volume":"311","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.05.002","article-title":"Protected areas in climate space: What will the future bring?","volume":"144","author":"Wiens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.K., Milas, A.S., Abeysinghe, T., and Tian, Q. (2023). Integrating UAV-Derived Information and WorldView-3 Imagery for Mapping Wetland Plants in the Old Woman Creek Estuary, USA. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041090"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kacic, P., Thonfeld, F., Gessner, U., and Kuenzer, C. (2023). Forest Structure Characterization in Germany: Novel Products and Analysis Based on GEDI, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15081969"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluczek, M., Zagajewski, B., and Zwijacz-Kozica, T. (2023). Mountain Tree Species Mapping Using Sentinel-2, PlanetScope, and Airborne HySpex Hyperspectral Imagery. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030844"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0406-z","article-title":"Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios","volume":"9","author":"Powers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"1","article-title":"Response of Regional Habitat Quality to Predicted land Use Change Based on System Coupling Simulation","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Xinyang Norm. Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/2043820613513388","article-title":"Big Data and Human Geography","volume":"3","author":"Kitchin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues Hum. Geogr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/20\/3866\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:15:45Z","timestamp":1760112945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/20\/3866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16203866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16203866","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]}}}