{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:39:24Z","timestamp":1783521564303,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42307248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D2022202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022202005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-40"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJ[2024]25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ[2024]25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["42307248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307248"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["D2022202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022202005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["2022-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-40"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["KJ[2024]25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ[2024]25"]}]},{"name":"Planning and Natural Resources Research Project of Tianjin City","award":["42307248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307248"]}]},{"name":"Planning and Natural Resources Research Project of Tianjin City","award":["D2022202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022202005"]}]},{"name":"Planning and Natural Resources Research Project of Tianjin City","award":["2022-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-40"]}]},{"name":"Planning and Natural Resources Research Project of Tianjin City","award":["KJ[2024]25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ[2024]25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rainfall-triggered landslides generally pose a high risk due to their sudden initiation, massive impact force, and energy. It is, therefore, necessary to perform accurate and timely hazard prediction for these landslides. Most studies have focused on the hazard assessment and verification of landslides that have occurred, which were essentially back-analyses rather than predictions. To overcome this drawback, a framework aimed at forecasting landslide hazards by combining UAV remote sensing and numerical simulation was proposed in this study. A slow-moving landslide identified by SBAS-InSAR in Tianjin city of northern China was taken as a case study to clarify its application. A UAV with laser scanning techniques was utilized to obtain high-resolution topography data. Then, extreme rainfall with a given return period was determined based on the Gumbel distribution. The Particle Flow Code (PFC), a discrete element model, was also applied to simulate the runout process after slope failure under rainfall and earthquake scenarios. The results showed that the extreme rainfall for three continuous days in the study area was 151.5 mm (P = 5%), 184.6 mm (P = 2%), and 209.3 mm (P = 1%), respectively. Both extreme rainfall and earthquake scenarios could induce slope failure, and the failure probabilities revealed by a seepage\u2013mechanic interaction simulation in Geostudio reached 82.9% (earthquake scenario) and 92.5% (extreme rainfall). The landslide hazard under a given scenario was assessed by kinetic indicators during the PFC simulation. The landslide runout analysis indicated that the landslide had a velocity of max 23.4 m\/s under rainfall scenarios, whereas this reached 19.8 m\/s under earthquake scenarios. In addition, a comparison regarding particle displacement also showed that the landslide hazard under rainfall scenarios was worse than that under earthquake scenarios. The modeling strategy incorporated spatial and temporal probabilities and runout hazard analyses, even though landslide hazard mapping was not actually achieved. The present framework can predict the areas threatened by landslides under specific scenarios, and holds substantial scientific reference value for effective landslide prevention and control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16203887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T09:58:24Z","timestamp":1729504704000},"page":"3887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Landslide Hazard Prediction Based on UAV Remote Sensing and Discrete Element Model Simulation\u2014Case from the Zhuangguoyu Landslide in Northern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Guangming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute (TMEDI) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300392, China"},{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Geology and Mineral Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Engineering Survey Institute Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London (UCL), London W1T4TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zizheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanxu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Geology and Mineral Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Engineering Survey Institute Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Geology and Mineral Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Engineering Survey Institute Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute (TMEDI) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300392, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute (TMEDI) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300392, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-016-0689-3","article-title":"Fatal landslides in Europe","volume":"13","author":"Haque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-021-01775-6","article-title":"Impacts of future climate and land cover changes on landslide susceptibility: Regional scale modelling in the Val d\u2019 Aran region (Pyrenees, Spain)","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38135-y","article-title":"Deep learning forecast of rainfall-induced shallow landslides","volume":"14","author":"Mondini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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