{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:30:23Z","timestamp":1760146223939,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]],"date-time":"2024-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42305070","2023LASW-B04","24KJB470031","2023GX03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305070","2023LASW-B04","24KJB470031","2023GX03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Research Program of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["42305070","2023LASW-B04","24KJB470031","2023GX03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305070","2023LASW-B04","24KJB470031","2023GX03"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation for High Education of Jiangsu Province","award":["42305070","2023LASW-B04","24KJB470031","2023GX03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305070","2023LASW-B04","24KJB470031","2023GX03"]}]},{"name":"Yinchuan Science and Technology Support Program Project","award":["42305070","2023LASW-B04","24KJB470031","2023GX03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305070","2023LASW-B04","24KJB470031","2023GX03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have studied the parameters of preliminary breakdown (PB) pulses in 395 normal and 319 inverted intracloud (IC) flashes observed in Gifu, Japan, and Ningxia, China, respectively, by using a low-frequency mapping system called fast antenna lightning mapping array (FALMA). These parameters are extracted from the first half of the PB pulses. It is found that compared to normal IC flashes, inverted IC flashes exhibited PB pulses with slower rise times (6.8 vs. 3.1 \u03bcs), wider half-peak widths (3.8 vs. 2.5 \u03bcs), longer zero-crossing times (26.2 vs. 14 \u03bcs), and extended fall times (4 vs. 3.2 \u03bcs). We further demonstrated that such discrepancies between normal and inverted IC flashes should not be caused by subjective factors, like noise threshold setting, or objective factors, like signal propagation distance. Based on this analysis, finally, we inferred that the discrepancies should be a reflection of the PB channel properties of normal and inverted IC flashes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16203899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T09:58:24Z","timestamp":1729504704000},"page":"3899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Characterization of Electric Field Pulses Observed in the Preliminary Breakdown Processes of Normal and Inverted Intracloud Flashes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-1782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongdong","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"China Science Skyline Tech. Co., Yinchuan 750000, China"}]},{"given":"Jinlai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China"}]},{"given":"Panliang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China"},{"name":"China Science Skyline Tech. Co., Yinchuan 750000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1880-3296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China"}]},{"given":"Daohong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1029\/JC084iC06p03159","article-title":"The radiation field wave forms produced by intracloud lightning discharge processes","volume":"84","author":"Weidman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. 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