{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T20:02:17Z","timestamp":1775332937420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U2340207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2340207"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52350710209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52350710209"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52394233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52394233"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022CFA094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFA094"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["U2340207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2340207"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["52350710209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52350710209"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["52394233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52394233"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2022CFA094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFA094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite-derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) plays an important role in research on natural energy balance and water cycle. Considering the tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolutions, accurate fine-resolution LST must be obtained through the use of LST downscaling (DLST) technology. Various methods have been proposed for DLST at fine resolutions (e.g., 10 m) and small scales. However, the scale effect of these methods, which is inherent to DLST processes at different extents, has rarely been addressed, thus limiting their application. In this study, a modified daily 10 m resolution DLST method based on Google Earth Engine, called mDTSG, is proposed in order to reduce the scale effect at fine spatial resolutions. The proposed method introduces a convolution-based moving window into the DLST process for the fusion of different remote sensing data. The performance of the modified method is compared with the original method in six regions characterized by various extents and landscape heterogeneity. The results show that the scale effect is significant in the DLST process at fine resolutions across extents ranging from 100 km2 to 22,500 km2. Compared with the original method, mDTSG can effectively reduce the LST value differences between tile edges, especially when considering large extents (&gt;22,500 km2) with an average R2 improvement of 33.75%. The average MAE is 1.63 \u00b0C, and the average RMSE is 2.3 \u00b0C in the mDTSG results, when compared with independent remote sensing products across the six regions. A comparison with in situ observations also shows promising results, with an MAE of 2.03 \u00b0C and an RMSE of 2.63 \u00b0C. These findings highlight the robustness and scalability of the mDTSG method, making it a valuable tool for fine-resolution LST applications in diverse and extensive landscapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16203908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T09:58:24Z","timestamp":1729504704000},"page":"3908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Modified Method for Reducing the Scale Effect in Land Surface Temperature Downscaling at 10 m Resolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhida","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Shiqiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Yuzhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.3390\/s7081612","article-title":"An overview of the \u201ctriangle method\u201d for estimating surface evapotranspiration and soil moisture from satellite imagery","volume":"7","author":"Carlson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.025","article-title":"Use of Landsat thermal imagery in monitoring evapotranspiration and managing water resources","volume":"122","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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